{"id":29885,"date":"2026-04-29T16:56:17","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T15:56:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.riskinsight-wavestone.com\/?p=29885"},"modified":"2026-04-29T16:56:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T15:56:18","slug":"electric-mobility-charging-infrastructure-evolution-between-energy-optimization-and-emerging-cybersecurity-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.riskinsight-wavestone.com\/en\/2026\/04\/electric-mobility-charging-infrastructure-evolution-between-energy-optimization-and-emerging-cybersecurity-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Electric mobility: charging infrastructure evolution, between energy optimization and emerging cybersecurity challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Electric mobility is experiencing rapid growth in France and across\u00a0Europe:<\/span><\/b>\u00a0in January 2026, registrations of\u00a0fully\u00a0electric vehicles in France increased by more than 50% compared with January 2025, bringing their market share to\u00a0nearly one\u00a0third of total vehicle sales. This trajectory\u00a0confirms a structural\u00a0transformation\u00a0of the automotive sector, which\u00a0appears to be\u00a0entering a phase of massive\u00a0electrification, particularly for light-duty vehicles.\u00a0This momentum is fully aligned with the orientations set out in France\u2019s Multiannual Energy Program (PPE), which translates national ambitions for the energy transition into operational targets. As such, the growth of electric vehicles can no longer<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/b>be considered\u00a0short-term, but rather as a trajectory set to strengthen further.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This trajectory, however, relies on the availability of a dense, reliable, and properly dimensioned charging network across the entire territory.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0Whether for public charging (motorways, public roads, shopping\u00a0centers) or private charging (homes, businesses), this infrastructure forms the backbone of the electric mobility ecosystem. At the heart of this ecosystem, Charging Point Operators (CPOs) play a structuring role,\u00a0being responsible for\u00a0the installation, operation, and maintenance of charging stations.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cyber risk\u00a0is\u00a0now\u00a0emerging\u00a0as\u00a0a major threat to charging infrastructures, in a context where electrical networks are increasingly targeted by cybercriminal groups and state-sponsored\u00a0actors<\/span>1<\/span>2<\/span>.\u00a0\u00a0For CPOs, this reality is a game changer: mastering cyber risk becomes a prerequisite for service reliability and ecosystem protection. As charging networks expand and grow more complex,\u00a0<\/span>cybersecurity challenges become\u00a0central:\u00a0data protection, service continuity, securing financial flows, and managing third<\/span><\/b>\u2011party risks.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This article is part of a series of three papers exploring three structuring challenges faced by electric mobility stakeholders, with the aim of analyzing their implications from a cybersecurity perspective.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Rethinking charging infrastructure: balancing operational requirements and emerging cyber constraints<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

In the context of\u00a0strong growth\u00a0combined with the gradual\u00a0structuring\u00a0of the market,\u00a0<\/span>CPOs are facing a demanding economic equation<\/span><\/b>. The deployment of charging infrastructures requires significant upfront investments\u00a0\u2013\u00a0land acquisition, grid connection, purchase and installation of charging points, supervision, and maintenance\u00a0\u2013\u00a0while\u00a0utilization\u00a0rates\u00a0remain\u00a0heterogeneous across regions and site typologies. Added to this are the volatility of electricity prices, increasing competitive pressure, and the rapid evolution of technological standards, which require regular upgrades.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As public subsidies tend to be streamlined and investors increasingly expect clearer profitability trajectories,\u00a0optimizing\u00a0the economic performance of assets becomes imperative.\u00a0<\/span>Maximizing\u00a0availability rates, fine<\/span><\/b>\u2011tuning operating costs, improving\u00a0utilization\u00a0levels, and diversifying revenue streams are no longer secondary levers, but essential conditions for the long<\/span><\/b>\u2011term sustainability of CPOs\u2019 business models.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Charging infrastructures, as designed today, illustrated in Figure<\/span>\u202f<\/span>1,\u00a0generally rely\u00a0on static power control managed by a central supervision system, the Charging Point Management System (CPMS). This operating model\u00a0does not allow, or significantly limits, the CPO\u2019s ability to adapt power distribution in real time to usage patterns and site-specific constraints.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span> Figure 1: Architecture of a conventional charging infrastructure\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Therefore,\u00a0several optimization\u00a0levers\u00a0can be implemented.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

First, it is possible to enhance the site\u2019s energy flexibility, particularly to support fast charging without having to oversize the grid connection. To achieve this, the deployment of a\u00a0<\/span>Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)<\/span><\/b>\u00a0proves to be an effective solution: this stationary battery storage acts as a buffer, capable of storing energy when it is available and releasing it during peak demand, thereby improving the site\u2019s stability and resilience.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The next step consists in integrating local, low<\/span>\u2011carbon energy production directly at charging sites, making it available for immediate use or storage through the addition of\u00a0<\/span>photovoltaic systems<\/span><\/b>. Solar panels, installed on rooftops or canopies, provide this renewable generation layer. Their effectiveness, however, relies on their integration with\u00a0appropriate control\u00a0and storage systems, ensuring the environmental coherence of electric mobility.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Finally, to enable the proper integration of these energy production and storage assets at charging sites, a global control system has\u00a0emerged: the\u00a0<\/span>Energy Management System (EMS)<\/span><\/b>. This system supervises and adjusts energy flows on site in real time, aligning them with demand, local constraints, and grid connection agreements. It controls power distribution,\u00a0anticipates\u00a0variable charging demand, and maximizes the use of local energy production, thereby transforming a conventional electrical installation into a dynamic and intelligent system.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thanks to intelligent energy management via an EMS, battery storage, and the integration of solar generation, this architecture\u00a0(illustrated in Figure<\/span><\/b>\u202f<\/span><\/b>2)\u00a0enables performance optimization while keeping costs under\u00a0control and\u00a0thus\u00a0represents\u00a0a key step towards the next phase of the energy transition.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure\u00a0<\/span><\/i>2<\/span><\/i>:\u00a0Architecture\u00a0of a next-generation charging\u00a0infrastructure<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the\u00a0remainder\u00a0of this article, we will focus on\u00a0<\/span>three new sources of cybersecurity risk<\/span><\/b>\u00a0introduced by the integration of Energy Management Systems (EMS) into CPOs\u2019 charging infrastructures.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The\u00a0EMS:\u00a0an optimization lever that has become a critical risk point<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

EMS\u00a0have\u00a0become a key\u00a0component\u00a0of charging infrastructures, enabling CPOs to finely\u00a0optimize\u00a0power\u00a0management\u00a0and charging strategies. This\u00a0central role\u00a0makes EMS a\u00a0<\/span>critical\u00a0point in terms of\u00a0cybersecurity\u00a0<\/span><\/b>– their compromise can result in major operational impacts for a CPO:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Unavailability\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of a part of the\u00a0charging\u00a0stations.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Degradation\u00a0<\/span><\/b>of energy\u00a0optimization, resulting in direct financial\u00a0impacts.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Load imbalances<\/span><\/b>\u00a0that may lead to service limitations or outages at site level.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Beyond these incident scenarios, the introduction of EMS also fundamentally reshapes the risk landscape to which charging infrastructures are exposed.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Increased\u00a0reliance\u00a0on\u00a0third<\/span>\u2011party\u00a0infrastructures<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

    The deployment of EMS solutions is most often based on\u00a0<\/span>turnkey offerings<\/span><\/b>, combined with\u00a0<\/span>vendor<\/span><\/b>\u2011operated management platforms hosted in cloud environments<\/span><\/b>. These platforms enable CPOs to centrally manage their entire EMS fleet and support a range of use cases,\u00a0including optimization of available power, performance monitoring, and remote control of charging strategies.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    This architecture, however, introduces a direct dependency on third<\/span><\/b>\u2011party infrastructures that lie outside the CPO\u2019s perimeter of control. As a result, it expands the attack surface and increases CPOs\u2019 exposure to supply<\/span><\/b>\u2011chain<\/span><\/b>\u2011related risks.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    This issue is further compounded by the fact that these vendors are often small, highly specialized players whose level of cybersecurity maturity can be heterogeneous. A compromise of these platforms may therefore lead to widespread impacts, potentially resulting in the unavailability of a significant share of the EMS fleet\u00a0operated\u00a0by a CPO and, by extension, a risk of charging station outages.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    In addition, the compromise of EMS cloud platforms may also lead to breaches of data confidentiality, as it could enable an attacker to collect sensitive operational information, which could notably be exploited for espionage purposes, including:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Detailed mapping of charging sites and deployed energy\u00a0assets.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Energy management\u00a0strategies,\u00a0revealing\u00a0the optimization logics implemented by the\u00a0CPO.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Consumption and power data across the CPO\u2019s entire portfolio of sites.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Local communications\u00a0relying\u00a0on\u00a0weakly\u00a0secured\u00a0protocols<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

      These new architectures also extend\u00a0the attack surface at the local network level, particularly through communications with energy-related equipment, which still largely rely on weakly secured industrial protocols.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      Unlike exchanges between supervision systems (CPMS) and charging stations, which\u00a0benefit\u00a0from the standardization provided by OCPP, communications between the EMS and other components (BESS, charging points, etc.) still predominantly rely on Modbus.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      Originally designed for\u00a0closed\u00a0industrial environments, this protocol does not natively implement security mechanisms such as authentication or encryption. In practice, each EMS vendor\u00a0deploys\u00a0its own protective measures, resulting in heterogeneous security levels. For CPOs, this diversity complicates\u00a0the securing of the\u00a0fleet and may\u00a0introduce\u00a0new exploitable\u00a0weak points\u00a0within the local network.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      Levers\u00a0to\u00a0secure\u00a0next<\/span>\u2011generation\u00a0charging\u00a0infrastructure<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

      Securing next<\/span>\u2011generation charging infrastructures relies on a structured approach that makes it possible to reconcile operational performance with effective cybersecurity risk management.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      Ensuring\u00a0the\u00a0resilience\u00a0of\u00a0charging\u00a0architecture<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      The evolution of charging infrastructures introduces a single point of failure for CPOs: the EMS. To address this risk, it is necessary to design resilient architectures capable of\u00a0maintaining\u00a0continuity even\u00a0in the event of\u00a0an EMS failure. This can notably be achieved through:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • The implementation\u00a0<\/span>of monitoring and alerting mechanisms<\/span><\/b>, enabling rapid detection of EMS failures and activation of fallback\u00a0mechanisms.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
      • The deployment of\u00a0<\/span>degraded operating modes<\/span><\/b>, allowing charging stations to continue\u00a0operating\u00a0even\u00a0in the event of\u00a0EMS\u00a0unavailability.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
      • The definition of business continuity and disaster recovery strategies that explicitly include EMS failure scenarios.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Securing dependencies on unmanaged third<\/span>–<\/span>party infrastructures<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

        The evolution of charging infrastructure architectures requires CPOs to address both supply<\/span>\u2011chain<\/span>\u2011related risks and risks inherent to the interconnection between the CPMS and EMS vendors\u2019 cloud infrastructures.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        To reduce supply<\/span>\u2011chain risks, CPOs must implement robust vendor qualification processes, including in particular:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Assessment of the vendor\u2019s\u00a0<\/span>cybersecurity maturity\u00a0level.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Evaluation of product security, notably through\u00a0<\/span>penetration\u00a0testing<\/span><\/b>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Contractual governance of supplier relationships, including, where\u00a0appropriate, the implementation of\u00a0<\/span>Security Assurance Plans (SAPs)<\/span><\/b>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Beyond supply<\/span>\u2011chain risk management, CPOs must also account for the risks introduced by the interconnection of their infrastructure with EMS vendors\u2019 environments (EMS cloud). Securing these interconnections requires\u00a0a strong\u00a0control of data flows between the CPO infrastructure and these external environments. This can be achieved through three main\u00a0levers:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • Implementing\u00a0<\/span>traffic filtering and control mechanisms<\/span><\/b>\u00a0between the local charging infrastructure network and external networks, to restrict communications strictly to legitimate third<\/span>\u2011party\u00a0infrastructures.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Formalizing\u00a0<\/span>secure architectural standards<\/span><\/b>\u00a0and ensuring their effective implementation during EMS deployment in the field,\u00a0guaranteeing\u00a0a consistent application of cybersecurity best\u00a0practices.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Implementing\u00a0<\/span>isolation mechanisms<\/span><\/b>\u00a0to\u00a0contain\u00a0potential EMS cloud failures and prevent their propagation across the entire charging infrastructure fleet.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Securing communications relying on industrial protocols<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

            Communications between EMS and energy<\/span>\u2011related equipment, particularly BESS, still largely rely on industrial protocols such as Modbus, which do not\u00a0provide\u00a0native security mechanisms. In this context, securing these exchanges cannot rely on the protocols themselves, but must instead be addressed at the infrastructure architecture level.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            This notably involves:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Implementing strict network segmentation within the local network<\/span><\/b>, isolating EMS, BESS, and other components to limit exposure\u00a0surfaces.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Applying fine<\/span><\/b>\u2011grained control over communications<\/span><\/b>\u00a0by locally restricting data flows to strictly necessary exchanges (filtering, whitelisting, limitation of authorized commands).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Deploying communication monitoring mechanisms<\/span><\/b>\u00a0to detect abnormal or unauthorized behavior.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Establishing a structured cybersecurity governance<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

              To address the diversity of components and infrastructures\u00a0operated\u00a0across their charging networks, it is essential for CPOs to structure their environment around clear governance, including in particular:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Clarification\u00a0of<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span>cyber roles and responsibilities<\/span><\/b>\u00a0across the entire value chain (CPOs, suppliers, service providers, etc.).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Definition of security standards applicable to all projects and suppliers, ensuring overall architectural consistency<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                By combining rigorous supplier risk management, a solid governance framework, and strict control of data flows, CPOs can fully\u00a0leverage\u00a0the operational gains offered by EMS while securing their infrastructure in a sustainable manner.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                Optimizing\u00a0without\u00a0compromising: the challenge of\u00a0charging\u00a0infrastructure<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

                To conclude, the rise of Energy Management Systems (EMS) is profoundly transforming charging infrastructures, providing essential optimization levers while also introducing new cybersecurity risks. For CPOs, the challenge is no longer limited to deploying these solutions but extends to securing them within a comprehensive approach that encompasses supplier risk management, the definition of secure architectures, and the establishment of structured cybersecurity governance. In this context,\u00a0<\/span>cybersecurity is now\u00a0emerging\u00a0as a prerequisite for the sustainable performance of charging infrastructures.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Electric mobility is experiencing rapid growth in France and across\u00a0Europe:\u00a0in January 2026, registrations of\u00a0fully\u00a0electric vehicles in France increased by more than 50% compared with January 2025, bringing their market share to\u00a0nearly one\u00a0third of total vehicle sales. This trajectory\u00a0confirms a structural\u00a0transformation\u00a0of…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1499,"featured_media":29878,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"page-templates\/tmpl-one.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2777,3922,3275,3274],"tags":[],"coauthors":[5042,5043,5041],"class_list":["post-29885","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cybersecurity-digital-trust","category-deep-dive-en","category-iot-consumer-goods-en","category-manufacturing-industry-4-0-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nElectric mobility: charging infrastructure evolution, between energy optimization and emerging cybersecurity challenges - RiskInsight<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.riskinsight-wavestone.com\/en\/2026\/04\/electric-mobility-charging-infrastructure-evolution-between-energy-optimization-and-emerging-cybersecurity-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Electric mobility: charging infrastructure evolution, between energy optimization and emerging cybersecurity challenges - RiskInsight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Electric mobility is experiencing rapid growth in France and across\u00a0Europe:\u00a0in January 2026, registrations of\u00a0fully\u00a0electric vehicles in France increased by more than 50% compared with January 2025, bringing their market share to\u00a0nearly one\u00a0third of total vehicle sales. 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