{"id":8758,"date":"2016-02-09T11:17:58","date_gmt":"2016-02-09T10:17:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.solucominsight.fr\/?p=8758"},"modified":"2019-12-31T10:25:27","modified_gmt":"2019-12-31T09:25:27","slug":"transfert-des-donnees-ue-usa-le-safe-harbor-remplace-par-le-privacy-shield","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.riskinsight-wavestone.com\/en\/2016\/02\/transfert-des-donnees-ue-usa-le-safe-harbor-remplace-par-le-privacy-shield\/","title":{"rendered":"Transfert des donn\u00e9es UE-USA : le Safe Harbor remplac\u00e9 par le Privacy Shield"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le 2 f\u00e9vrier dernier, diplomates am\u00e9ricains et europ\u00e9ens sont parvenus \u00e0 un accord sur le transfert transatlantique des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab EU-US Privacy Shield <\/a>\u00bb. Il permet de combler le vide juridique cr\u00e9\u00e9 suite \u00e0 l\u2019invalidation par la justice europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019accord pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, le Safe Harbor.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9v\u00e9lations de Snowden sur la NSA derri\u00e8re l\u2019invalidation du Safe Habor<\/h1>\n

En principe, le transfert de donn\u00e9es personnelles hors de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne est autoris\u00e9<\/a> \u00e0 condition que le pays destinataire offre un niveau de protection des donn\u00e9es au moins \u00e9gal \u00e0 celui garanti au sein de l\u2019UE<\/strong>. Pour transf\u00e9rer des donn\u00e9es personnelles vers des pays non-ad\u00e9quats, les entreprises doivent s\u2019engager \u00e0 respecter des accords particuliers<\/strong> permettant de garantir un niveau de protection suffisant au regard du droit europ\u00e9en.<\/p>\n

Adopt\u00e9 en 2000, le Safe Harbor<\/strong> est un accord de ce type, autorisant donc le transfert des donn\u00e9es personnelles des citoyens europ\u00e9ens vers les \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/strong> Plusieurs milliers d\u2019entreprises am\u00e9ricaines \u00e9taient jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent concern\u00e9es par cet accord, des g\u00e9ants du num\u00e9rique aux petites et moyennes entreprises. Mais en octobre 2015, la Cour de justice de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (CJUE) – consid\u00e9rant les r\u00e9v\u00e9lations faites par Edward Snowden<\/strong> sur les pratiques am\u00e9ricaines en mati\u00e8re de surveillance – a invalid\u00e9 le Safe Harbor<\/a> . En effet, compte tenu de la primaut\u00e9 de la l\u00e9gislation am\u00e9ricaine li\u00e9e \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale sur l\u2019accord Safe Harbor, la CJUE a estim\u00e9 qu\u2019il existe des risques \u00ab d\u2019ing\u00e9rences, par les autorit\u00e9s publiques am\u00e9ricaines, dans les droits fondamentaux des personnes <\/em>\u00bb. La CJUE a \u00e9galement motiv\u00e9 sa d\u00e9cision par le fait qu\u2019il n\u2019existait \u00ab aucune possibilit\u00e9 pour le justiciable d\u2019exercer des voies de droit<\/em> \u00bb lui permettant d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 ses donn\u00e9es ou d\u2019en obtenir la rectification ou la suppression, ce qui est contraire au droit europ\u00e9en<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

En consid\u00e9rant que le Safe Harbor ne garantissait pas une protection ad\u00e9quate des donn\u00e9es personnelles, la CJUE a rendu de fait ill\u00e9gale des centaines de milliers de transferts de donn\u00e9es.<\/strong> Pour autant, ces transferts transatlantiques ne pouvaient \u00e9videmment pas \u00eatre arr\u00eat\u00e9s brutalement en raison des forts enjeux \u00e9conomiques inh\u00e9rents. Cons\u00e9quence directe de cette invalidation donc, trois mois de latence ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9s<\/strong> aux diplomates am\u00e9ricains et europ\u00e9ens pour n\u00e9gocier et d\u00e9finir un nouvel accord permettant de satisfaire les exigences de la CJUE. Par ailleurs, poursuivant le raisonnement de la CJUE, les CNIL europ\u00e9ennes ont demand\u00e9 que les solutions propos\u00e9es<\/a> par les parties s\u2019appuient sur des \u00ab m\u00e9canismes clairs et contraignants<\/em> \u00bb et comportent \u00ab au minimum des obligations de nature \u00e0 garantir le contr\u00f4le des programmes de surveillance par les autorit\u00e9s publiques, la transparence, la proportionnalit\u00e9, l\u2019existence de m\u00e9canismes de recours et la protection des droits et des personnes<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Privacy Shield : un tour de force diplomatique qui ne fait pas l\u2019unanimit\u00e9<\/h1>\n

Et c\u2019est finalement le 2 f\u00e9vrier dernier \u2013 deux jours apr\u00e8s la fin du d\u00e9lai accord\u00e9 par les CNIL europ\u00e9ennes – qu\u2019un accord politique entre les parties europ\u00e9ennes et am\u00e9ricaines a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9<\/strong>, rempla\u00e7ant le Safe Harbor par le Privacy Shield<\/a> . Ce m\u00e9canisme devrait permettre aux citoyens europ\u00e9ens d\u2019attaquer en justice les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines<\/strong> si celles-ci divulguent leurs donn\u00e9es personnelles \u00e0 un tiers sans leur accord ou si elles refusent de fournir un acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es collect\u00e9es les concernant. Une commission bipartite devrait \u00e9galement \u00eatre cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour contr\u00f4ler l\u2019application de l\u2019accord, et un syst\u00e8me d\u2019arbitrage sp\u00e9cial via un m\u00e9diateur sera mis en place en tant qu\u2019instance de dernier recours. Par ailleurs les \u00c9tats-Unis ont fourni une garantie \u00e9crite assurant que l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es des citoyens europ\u00e9ens par les services de renseignement sera limit\u00e9e et contr\u00f4l\u00e9<\/strong>.
\nMais le Privacy Shield fait d\u00e9j\u00e0 grinc\u00e9 des dents<\/a>, puisqu\u2019il est, pour l\u2019instant, seulement un accord politique<\/strong> et donc non-contraignant juridiquement<\/strong>. C\u00f4t\u00e9 europ\u00e9en, une transposition dans le droit communautaire est le pr\u00e9alable pour qu\u2019il puisse produire des effets juridiques. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019accord de principe et du soulagement imm\u00e9diat \u00e0 la hauteur du d\u00e9fi diplomatique<\/strong> que repr\u00e9sentait la conclusion d\u2019un tel accord dans des temps aussi courts, il s\u2019agira de constater, dans les mois et ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir, sa traduction en r\u00e8gles juridiquement contraignantes<\/strong> et effectivement respect\u00e9es<\/strong>. Dans le cas contraire, ce nouvel accord sera de toute \u00e9vidence, \u00e0 son tour, contest\u00e9 devant la CJUE<\/strong> qui est la seule autorit\u00e9 comp\u00e9tente pour d\u00e9clarer l\u2019invalidit\u00e9 d\u2019un acte de l\u2019Union.<\/p>\n

Sceptiques, les CNIL europ\u00e9ennes se prononceront en mars<\/h1>\n

Une entr\u00e9e en vigueur de l\u2019accord \u00ab EU-US Privacy Shield \u00bb est pr\u00e9vue d\u2019ici trois mois<\/strong> et sera pilot\u00e9e durant les prochaines semaines par la Commission europ\u00e9enne<\/strong>. Par ailleurs cette derni\u00e8re sera attentive \u00e0 l\u2019avis des vingt-neuf CNIL europ\u00e9ennes, autrement appel\u00e9es G29. R\u00e9uni le 3 f\u00e9vrier, et dirig\u00e9 actuellement par la Pr\u00e9sidente de la CNIL fran\u00e7aise Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin, le G29 s\u2019est montr\u00e9 r\u00e9serv\u00e9 sur le Privacy Act,<\/strong> avec cette formule : \u00ab We can\u2019t just accept words. (\u2026) The legal format of the arrangement is still unclear for us<\/a> \u00bb<\/em>. Les CNIL europ\u00e9ennes attendent en effet la r\u00e9ception de l\u2019ensemble des documents composant le Privacy Shield, d\u2019ici la fin du mois de f\u00e9vrier, pour se prononcer sur le fond de l\u2019accord \u00e0 la fin du mois de mars<\/strong> .<\/p>\n

Ce m\u00eame jour le G29 \u00e9tait justement r\u00e9uni pour pr\u00e9senter son interpr\u00e9tation de la jurisprudence europ\u00e9enne<\/strong>, fond\u00e9e sur la d\u00e9cision de la CJUE, en mati\u00e8re de transfert des donn\u00e9es personnelles. Pour les autorit\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes, quatre garanties doivent donc \u00eatre respect\u00e9es<\/strong>, et seront donc consid\u00e9r\u00e9es dans les semaines \u00e0 venir lors de l\u2019\u00e9tude du Privacy Act :<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Le traitement des donn\u00e9es doit \u00eatre fait selon des r\u00e8gles claires, pr\u00e9cises et accessibles<\/strong><\/li>\n
  2. L\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es doit \u00eatre n\u00e9cessaire et proportionnel<\/strong> \u00e0 la fin poursuivie<\/li>\n
  3. Un m\u00e9canisme ind\u00e9pendant de surveillance doit pouvoir v\u00e9rifier l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es<\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. Des recours effectifs<\/strong> doivent exister pour les citoyens<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    En attendant d\u2019en savoir plus sur le Privacy Shield, le G29 est rest\u00e9 pragmatique au sujet des transferts actuels de donn\u00e9es personnelles en les autorisant, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 nouvel ordre<\/a> . Enfin, Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin, r\u00e9\u00e9lue \u00e0 la t\u00eate du G29 le 3 f\u00e9vrier, a partag\u00e9 son inqui\u00e9tude <\/a>sur les probables r\u00e9percussions de l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 venir sur l\u2019accord.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Le 2 f\u00e9vrier dernier, diplomates am\u00e9ricains et europ\u00e9ens sont parvenus \u00e0 un accord sur le transfert transatlantique des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab EU-US Privacy Shield \u00bb. Il permet de combler le vide juridique cr\u00e9\u00e9 suite \u00e0 l\u2019invalidation par…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1136,"featured_media":8760,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"page-templates\/tmpl-one.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,3226],"tags":[410,412,2576,2578,2614,3314],"coauthors":[2580],"class_list":["post-8758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cybersecurity-digital-trust","category-digital-compliance","tag-cnil","tag-donnees-a-caractere-personnel","tag-privacy-shield","tag-safe-harbor","tag-transfert-des-donnees","tag-trusted-services-eidas"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTransfert des donn\u00e9es UE-USA : le Safe Harbor remplac\u00e9 par le Privacy Shield - RiskInsight<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.riskinsight-wavestone.com\/2016\/02\/transfert-des-donnees-ue-usa-le-safe-harbor-remplace-par-le-privacy-shield\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transfert des donn\u00e9es UE-USA : le Safe Harbor remplac\u00e9 par le Privacy Shield - RiskInsight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le 2 f\u00e9vrier dernier, diplomates am\u00e9ricains et europ\u00e9ens sont parvenus \u00e0 un accord sur le transfert transatlantique des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab EU-US Privacy Shield \u00bb. 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