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		<title>Zimbra Mailbox Compromise: From Analysis to Remediation (Part 2)</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2026/01/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation-part-2/</link>
					<comments>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2026/01/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation-part-2/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evenson Jeunesse]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Jan 2026 09:47:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Deep-dive]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Amavis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forensic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Incident response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[investigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spam]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[spoofing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zimbra]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=28717</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>It&#8217;s time to begin the second part of our Zimbra investigation. If you haven&#8217;t read the first part yet, we strongly recommend starting HERE before continuing.In this second part, we&#8217;ll assume that an attacker has managed to compromise a Zimbra...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2026/01/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation-part-2/">Zimbra Mailbox Compromise: From Analysis to Remediation (Part 2)</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p style="text-align: justify;">It&#8217;s time to begin the second part of our Zimbra investigation. If you haven&#8217;t read the first part yet, we strongly recommend starting <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2025/12/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation/"><span style="color: #000080;">HERE</span> </a>before continuing.<br />In this second part, we&#8217;ll assume that an attacker has managed to compromise a Zimbra account and that we&#8217;ve already identified their entry point (initial access). We&#8217;ll now analyze how to leverage Zimbra logs to identify the malicious actions the attacker could have carried out from their access. We&#8217;ll then see what remediation measures to implement to prevent this type of incident and respond to it effectively.<br />Get comfortable (and make sure your coffee is still hot): let&#8217;s dive right into the heart of the matter!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Investigating in a Zimbra Environment</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Now that Zimbra’s infrastructure and logs <strong>hold no secrets for you</strong>, it’s time to get <strong>practical</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Imagine you’re a forensic analyst, arriving early one morning, when suddenly: <strong>the phone rings.</strong> You’re being called because several users are reporting that emails, <strong>they didn’t send</strong> are appearing in their “Sent” folder.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Panic ensues</strong>! Users are afraid to log into their mailboxes, and some administrators start wondering whether the <strong>Zimbra infrastructure itself</strong> might be <strong>compromised</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since you know Zimbra inside out, the team naturally turns to you to <strong>investigate this incident</strong>!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As a forensic analyst, many questions come to mind:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><em>Have the accounts really been compromised? If so, how and since when?</em></li>
<li><em>How many users are affected?</em></li>
<li><em>What is the attacker’s objective, and what malicious actions have been carried out from these accounts?</em></li>
<li><em>Have the mail server or other Zimbra components been compromised?</em></li>
<li><em>And, most importantly: do I have time for a coffee </em><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/2615.png" alt="☕" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /><em> before the information hunt begins?</em></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To help you in your investigation, we’ll look at how to answer these questions through Zimbra log analysis. But first, here are some tips to guide your investigation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During incident response, it’s easy to feel <strong>overwhelmed</strong> by the <strong>amount of logs</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>events</strong> <strong>to analyze</strong>. Keeping a clear line of reasoning is essential. A few simple practices can help maintain focus:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Confirm:</strong> Verify the information that triggered the incident. Before diving deeper, ensure the initial alert is accurate. This undeniable baseline will serve as the foundation for the entire investigation.</li>
<li><strong>Correlate:</strong> Cross-check suspicious IP addresses and domains with other sources (proxy, VPN, EDR, online antivirus databases). This provides additional context related to the identified indicator.</li>
<li><strong>Pivot:</strong> Use the collected information to expand your analysis. An attacker might reuse the same IP address or user-agent across multiple accounts. Conversely, a compromised account might be accessed from different IP addresses or user-agents. Pivoting can reveal other indicators that help identify the attacker.</li>
<li><strong>Compare patterns:</strong> Even without direct access to email content or attachments, certain elements can reveal similarities (file size, identical filenames, repeated sequences of actions after account compromise). This behavioral analysis approach can help identify multiple users compromised by the same attacker. Such hypotheses should be formulated and handled cautiously, but they can be valuable for confirming intuition.</li>
<li><strong>Ensure log preservation:</strong> This may seem obvious, but as soon as an incident is detected, securing the logs is critical. Collect logs immediately from the entire Zimbra infrastructure and extend their retention period to prevent automatic deletion. Because let’s be honest: logs disappearing just as the forensic team arrives is a way too common scenario… one you definitely want to avoid.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While these tips <strong>aren’t exhaustive</strong>, they provide a solid foundation for conducting an analysis that is both <strong>fast</strong> and <strong>efficient</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Post-compromise activity</h2>
<h3>Analysis of user activity  </h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What mastery</strong>! You have successfully traced back to the initial entry point used by the attacker to compromise user accounts. You have identified the malicious IP addresses, spotted the User-Agent used, and even uncovered other compromised accounts thanks to this information. In short, clean and efficient work. Impressive!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">But… we still haven’t answered a crucial question: &#8220;<em>What was the attacker’s objective, and what actions did they take from the compromised accounts?</em>&#8220;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To find out, you now need to analyze the <strong>attacker’s activity within the Zimbra infrastructure</strong>. Once authenticated, an attacker can indeed:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Launch an <strong>internal</strong> or <strong>external</strong> <strong>phishing</strong> <strong>campaign</strong></li>
<li>Send messages aimed at tricking a colleague, partner, or client into taking action (CEO fraud, fictitious urgent requests, etc.)</li>
<li><strong>Exfiltrate sensitive data</strong> from mailboxes</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In this section, we will examine <strong>some examples of suspicious activities</strong> that can be identified from Zimbra logs.</p>
<p> </p>
<h4>Sending a large number of emails in a short amount of time</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">You want to determine whether compromised accounts were used to co<strong>nduct additional phishing attempts</strong> by sending <strong>mass emails</strong> to <strong>internal</strong> or <strong>external</strong> <strong>recipients</strong>. Unfortunately, Zimbra does not provide a native event that allows you to retrieve this information directly. However, a simple <strong>grep</strong> command will get the job done.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The command below extracts the <strong>number of messages sent by each user</strong> over a specific period (here, from <strong>November</strong> <strong>21 to November 27, 2025</strong>):</p>
<figure id="attachment_28721" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28721" style="width: 1377px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28721" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1-Retrieving-the-number-of-emails-sent-per-user-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieving the number of emails sent per user (mailbox.log)" width="1377" height="444" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1-Retrieving-the-number-of-emails-sent-per-user-mailbox.log_.png 1377w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1-Retrieving-the-number-of-emails-sent-per-user-mailbox.log_-437x141.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1-Retrieving-the-number-of-emails-sent-per-user-mailbox.log_-71x23.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1-Retrieving-the-number-of-emails-sent-per-user-mailbox.log_-768x248.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1377px) 100vw, 1377px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28721" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieving the number of emails sent per user (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In this example, <strong>user25@wavestone.corp</strong> clearly <strong>stands out</strong> with a <strong>sending volume far above normal</strong>. An <strong>unusually high volume</strong> of emails sent from a mailbox <strong>over a short period</strong> constitutes <strong>suspicious activity</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In legitimate use, mass email sending is relatively rare and is generally associated with <strong>generic addresses</strong> or <strong>internal communication systems</strong> (e.g., newsletters, HR announcements). When a standard user account exhibits this type of behavior, it is important to:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Determine whether this is normal, recurring activity for the user</li>
<li>Check the sending time frame, IP address, and User-Agent</li>
<li>Verify whether any suspicious attachments were associated with the emails</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Mass email sending can <strong>trigger built-in protection mechanisms</strong> in Zimbra, including <strong>quota rules</strong>. These thresholds are designed to limit the volume of messages sent by an account over a given period to prevent abuse, spam, or phishing campaigns.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The two commands below allow you to retrieve events related to quota exceedances:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28723" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28723" style="width: 1378px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28723" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of quota overruns (mailbox.log)" width="1378" height="146" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mailbox.log_.png 1378w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mailbox.log_-437x46.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mailbox.log_-71x8.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mailbox.log_-768x81.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1378px) 100vw, 1378px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28723" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of quota overruns (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28727" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28727" style="width: 1375px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28727" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/3-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mail.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of quota overruns (mail.log)" width="1375" height="187" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/3-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mail.log_.png 1375w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/3-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mail.log_-437x59.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/3-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mail.log_-71x10.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/3-Retrieval-of-quota-overruns-mail.log_-768x104.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1375px) 100vw, 1375px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28727" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of quota overruns (mail.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The appearance of error messages related to quota exceedances is a signal <strong>not to be ignored</strong>, because:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Either the legitimate user accidentally exceeded a quota</li>
<li>Or the account is being used fraudulently to send mass emails</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since this indicator can generate a <strong>large number of false positives</strong>, it is recommended to <strong>correlate it with other information</strong> in order to draw meaningful conclusions.</p>
<p> </p>
<h4>Sending an email to a large number of recipients</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To avoid triggering a quota‑exceedance alert, a more seasoned attacker may adopt a more &#8220;<em>subtle</em>&#8221; strategy. Instead of sending <strong>dozens of individual</strong> emails (a noisy method), they may choose to send a <strong>single message</strong> addressed to a <strong>long list of recipients</strong>: an efficient way to optimize their phishing campaign.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Fortunately for you, Zimbra logs make it possible to identify the <strong>number of recipients associated with each sent email</strong>, which makes this type of maneuver detectable without too much effort.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The commands below allow you to identify emails sent to an unusually <strong>high number of recipients</strong>:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28729" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28729" style="width: 1377px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28729" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/4-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mail.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of emails sent to more than 100 recipients (mail.log)" width="1377" height="144" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/4-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mail.log_.png 1377w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/4-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mail.log_-437x46.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/4-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mail.log_-71x7.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/4-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mail.log_-768x80.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1377px) 100vw, 1377px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28729" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of emails sent to more than 100 recipients (mail.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28731" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28731" style="width: 1371px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28731" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/5-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of emails sent to more than 100 recipients (mailbox.log)" width="1371" height="185" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/5-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mailbox.log_.png 1371w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/5-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mailbox.log_-437x59.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/5-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mailbox.log_-71x10.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/5-Retrieval-of-emails-sent-to-more-than-100-recipients-mailbox.log_-768x104.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1371px) 100vw, 1371px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28731" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of emails sent to more than 100 recipients (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Here, you can observe that the user <strong>user25@wavestone.corp</strong> sent an email to <strong>211 recipients</strong>. Such behavior is clearly <strong>suspicious</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In practice, it is <strong>rare</strong> for a <strong>personal email address</strong> to send a message to s<strong>everal dozen recipients simultaneously</strong>. This type of volume is usually associated with <strong>shared mailboxes</strong> or <strong>generic addresses</strong> (e.g., internal communications, HR services, institutional announcements).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">When a standard user account exhibits this kind of activity, it is essential to:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>identify the usual communication practices within the organization</li>
<li>determine whether this sending volume is normal or recurrent for the user in question</li>
<li>examine the time window, IP address, and user agent used during the sending</li>
<li>check if any potentially malicious attachments were associated with the messages</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To save time, it is often relevant to <strong>confirm directly with the user</strong> whether the sending was legitimate.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The example presented here isolates sends containing <strong>more than 100 recipients</strong>. However, this <strong>threshold should be adjusted</strong> depending on:</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">the usual volume within the organization</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">the type of accounts involved</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">and the period covered by the logs analyzed</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h4>Uploading suspicious attachments</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Unlike email reception, the <strong>upload of suspicious attachments</strong> is better logged by Zimbra. Each time a user attaches a file to a new email, Zimbra carefully records the operation in its logs.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Using the commands below, you can <strong>retrieve the attachments added to emails</strong> by a potentially compromised user:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28737" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28737" style="width: 1374px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28737" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/6-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-1-2.png" alt="Retrieval of attachment upload events (mailbox.log) (1/2)" width="1374" height="184" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/6-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-1-2.png 1374w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/6-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-1-2-437x59.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/6-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-1-2-71x10.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/6-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-1-2-768x103.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1374px) 100vw, 1374px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28737" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of attachment upload events (mailbox.log) (1/2)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28739" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28739" style="width: 1377px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28739" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/7-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-2-2.png" alt="Retrieval of attachment upload events (mailbox.log) (2/2)" width="1377" height="147" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/7-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-2-2.png 1377w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/7-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-2-2-437x47.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/7-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-2-2-71x8.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/7-Retrieval-of-attachment-upload-events-mailbox.log-2-2-768x82.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1377px) 100vw, 1377px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28739" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of attachment upload events (mailbox.log) (2/2)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Similarly to the reception of malicious attachments, you can search in the logs for:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>the <strong>upload of attachments with suspicious extensions</strong> (e.g., .htm, .html, .exe, .js, .arj, .iso, .bat, .ps1, or Office/PDF documents containing macros);</li>
<li><strong>files already observed earlier</strong> during the initial phases of the incident (for example, a document downloaded by patient zero);</li>
<li><strong>correlating upload activities</strong> with malicious source IP addresses or accounts identified as compromised.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This list is <strong>not exhaustive</strong>; it may be relevant to search for <strong>any type of file</strong> that seems <strong>pertinent</strong> <strong>to the context of your investigation</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h4>Removal of traces</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Now that you have a clear picture of what the attacker did with the compromised accounts, you are disappointed because you <strong>cannot locate the emails in question</strong>. You suspect that the attacker <strong>erased its traces</strong>. But how can you verify this?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, after sending malicious emails, an experienced attacker may try to <strong>hide its tracks</strong> from the legitimate mailbox owner by <strong>deleting sent emails</strong> or returned messages.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Fortunately, the following commands will allow you to <strong>identify email deletions </strong>performed in Zimbra:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28743" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28743" style="width: 1373px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28743" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/8-Retrieval-of-deleted-items-from-the-trash-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of deleted items from the trash (mailbox.log)" width="1373" height="361" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/8-Retrieval-of-deleted-items-from-the-trash-mailbox.log_.png 1373w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/8-Retrieval-of-deleted-items-from-the-trash-mailbox.log_-437x115.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/8-Retrieval-of-deleted-items-from-the-trash-mailbox.log_-71x19.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/8-Retrieval-of-deleted-items-from-the-trash-mailbox.log_-768x202.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1373px) 100vw, 1373px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28743" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of deleted items from the trash (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28746" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28746" style="width: 1375px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28746" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/9-Retrieval-of-permanently-deleted-files-mail.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of permanently deleted files (mail.log)" width="1375" height="364" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/9-Retrieval-of-permanently-deleted-files-mail.log_.png 1375w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/9-Retrieval-of-permanently-deleted-files-mail.log_-437x116.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/9-Retrieval-of-permanently-deleted-files-mail.log_-71x19.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/9-Retrieval-of-permanently-deleted-files-mail.log_-768x203.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1375px) 100vw, 1375px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28746" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of permanently deleted files (mail.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In legitimate use, it is not uncommon for a user to <strong>delete multiple emails</strong> (e.g., inbox cleanup, managing newsletters). However, the situation becomes <strong>suspicious</strong> when deletions occur:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Immediately</strong> after a <strong>mass email sending</strong></li>
<li>Targeting specifically the <strong>most recently sent messages</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During your investigation, keep in mind that an attacker may also attempt to delete:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Read receipts generated by their emails</strong></li>
<li><strong>Automatic replies</strong> (out-of-office messages, NDRs) that could alert the victim</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is therefore important <strong>not to overlook deletions</strong> and to <strong>correlate them with other indicators</strong> (suspicious authentications, mass email sending, quota exceedances, connections from malicious IPs) to assess the <strong>legitimacy</strong> <strong>of these actions</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h4>Data exfiltration</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>One question still troubles you</strong>… Among the compromised accounts, some belonged to users who handled sensitive data for the company. You therefore want to determine whether the attacker attempted to <strong>exfiltrate any email</strong> they had access to.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately for you, <strong>Zimbra does not log the direct download of emails</strong>. After all, retrieving messages via IMAP or SMTP is essentially a &#8220;<em>download</em>&#8221; from the server to the mail client. It is therefore difficult to distinguish a <strong>normal transfer</strong> from a <strong>malicious download</strong>. And in the Nginx logs (which expose the webmail), the same issue arises: it is impossible to precisely identify whether an email was downloaded.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As a small consolation, Zimbra does log certain internal operations, particularly <strong>copy actions</strong> performed within the mailbox. An attacker could, for example, create a folder to store sensitive emails before extraction.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The following command allows you to identify a <strong>massive copy of emails</strong> <strong>into a folder</strong> (here named &#8220;<em>Exfiltration</em>&#8220;) from the web client:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28748" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28748" style="width: 1254px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28748" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/10-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-1-2.png" alt="Retrieval of mass email copy events (mailbox.log) (1/2)" width="1254" height="785" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/10-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-1-2.png 1254w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/10-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-1-2-305x191.png 305w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/10-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-1-2-62x39.png 62w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/10-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-1-2-768x481.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1254px) 100vw, 1254px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28748" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of mass email copy events (mailbox.log) (1/2)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The following command allows you to identify a copy of a large number of emails in a folder from an IMAP thick client:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28750" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28750" style="width: 1129px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28750" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/11-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-2-2.png" alt="Retrieval of mass email copy events (mailbox.log) (2/2)" width="1129" height="708" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/11-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-2-2.png 1129w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/11-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-2-2-305x191.png 305w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/11-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-2-2-62x39.png 62w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/11-Retrieval-of-mass-email-copy-events-mailbox.log-2-2-768x482.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1129px) 100vw, 1129px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28750" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of mass email copy events (mailbox.log) (2/2)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Although there are legitimate cases (e.g., manual backup by the user), this type of activity should <strong>raise attention</strong>, especially when correlated with:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Logins from unusual IP addresses</li>
<li>Suspicious authentications</li>
<li>Mass email sending</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, as you can see, it is very difficult to <strong>confirm a data exfiltration</strong>. Therefore, it should be assumed that if a <strong>mailbox is compromised</strong>, the attacker potentially had the ability to <strong>download all emails</strong> <strong>of the affected user</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3>Detection of antivirus and antispam solutions</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">We haven’t really covered this until now, but it’s important to know that Zimbra natively integrates <strong>Amavis</strong>, a &#8220;<em>central</em>&#8221; component that <strong>orchestrates various security engines</strong>. These engines help identify suspicious files, phishing campaigns, and mass spam sending. It is therefore valuable to leverage these detection mechanisms when analyzing an attacker’s activities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During your investigations, examining the messages generated by Amavis can help highlight:</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Messages blocked</strong> before reaching the user’s mailbox (e.g., spoofing attempts)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Malicious attachments</strong> detected and placed in quarantine</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Violations of certain security policies</strong> defined on the platform</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h4>Amavis</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is possible to retrieve certain events generated by <strong>Amavis</strong> with the following commands:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28754" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28754" style="width: 1124px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28754" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/12-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mail.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of amavis events (mail.log)" width="1124" height="185" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/12-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mail.log_.png 1124w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/12-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mail.log_-437x72.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/12-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mail.log_-71x12.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/12-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mail.log_-768x126.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28754" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of amavis events (mail.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28757" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28757" style="width: 1127px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28757" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/13-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of amavis events (mailbox.log)" width="1127" height="272" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/13-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mailbox.log_.png 1127w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/13-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mailbox.log_-437x105.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/13-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mailbox.log_-71x17.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/13-Retrieval-of-amavis-events-mailbox.log_-768x185.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1127px) 100vw, 1127px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28757" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of amavis events (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since Amavis generates a <strong>large number of events</strong>, it may be wise to focus your investigation on detections related to <strong>spam</strong> and <strong>phishing</strong>. Note that the identification of phishing messages has already been discussed in a previous section of this article (&#8220;<em>Account Compromise via Phishing Attack</em>&#8220;)</p>
<p> </p>
<h4>Incoming spam</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It may be useful to identify messages that have triggered incoming <strong>spam detections</strong>. When a message is classified as spam, Zimbra generates logs indicating the <strong>reason for this categorization</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">These events can contain <strong>several useful pieces of information</strong>:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>The affected account</li>
<li>The unique identifier of the message in the mailbox</li>
<li>The originating IP address of the email</li>
<li>Additionally, in the case of a SpamReport:
<ul>
<li>The result of the analysis (isSpam field)</li>
<li>The action taken (e.g., moving the message from the Inbox to Junk)</li>
<li>Sometimes the recipient of the report used for training or reporting purposes (e.g., a dedicated address such as spam@wavestone.corp</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The following command can help you <strong>identify events related to the processing of incoming spam:</strong></p>
<figure id="attachment_28759" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28759" style="width: 1124px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28759" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/14-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-zimbra.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of events related to incoming spam (zimbra.log)" width="1124" height="456" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/14-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-zimbra.log_.png 1124w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/14-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-zimbra.log_-437x177.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/14-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-zimbra.log_-71x29.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/14-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-zimbra.log_-768x312.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28759" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of events related to incoming spam (zimbra.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28761" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28761" style="width: 1127px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28761" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/15-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of events related to incoming spam (mailbox.log)" width="1127" height="154" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/15-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-mailbox.log_.png 1127w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/15-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-mailbox.log_-437x60.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/15-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-mailbox.log_-71x10.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/15-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-incoming-spam-mailbox.log_-768x105.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1127px) 100vw, 1127px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28761" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of events related to incoming spam (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since spam detections generate a <strong>large number of false positives</strong>, it may be useful to <strong>narrow the scope of your investigation</strong> as much as possible (for example, by focusing on a specific time period or a specific set of users).</p>
<p> </p>
<h4>Outgoing spam</h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The threat does not always come from outside. Some malicious emails <strong>sent from compromised internal accounts</strong> to external recipients can leave very interesting traces in Zimbra’s logs. Indeed, if the message sent from the compromised account is <strong>blocked by the recipient mail server’s antispam solution</strong>, that server will send an error notification back to the Zimbra server to report the rejection.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Analyzing these <strong>non-delivery reports (NDRs)</strong> can therefore raise a red flag:<br />it may reveal that a user is compromised… or that an account has been used in an <strong>attempt to send malicious emails</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is possible to extract these rejected messages using the following command:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28763" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28763" style="width: 1130px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28763" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/16-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-outgoing-spam.png" alt="Retrieval of events related to outgoing spam" width="1130" height="188" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/16-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-outgoing-spam.png 1130w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/16-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-outgoing-spam-437x73.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/16-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-outgoing-spam-71x12.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/16-Retrieval-of-events-related-to-outgoing-spam-768x128.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28763" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of events related to outgoing spam</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Outgoing spam is generally rare. Analyzing it only becomes truly useful in cases where the attacker attempts to <strong>lateralize</strong> to <strong>external email accounts</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Remediation measures</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>You have conducted your investigation at full speed</strong>: compromised users identified, malicious IP addresses cataloged, suspicious activities analyzed… in short, you have traced the attack with surgical precision. It is now time to move to the next step: <strong>remediation</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The primary goal of remediation is to <strong>remove the attacker’s access</strong> to the infrastructure, <strong>implement detection mechanisms</strong> capable of preventing further compromise attempts, and <strong>strengthen user awareness</strong> to limit the impact of <strong>ongoing</strong> and <strong>future</strong> <strong>phishing</strong> <strong>campaigns</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">By <strong>collecting various indicators</strong> related to the phishing campaign (compromised or suspected accounts, email addresses, malicious IPs and domains, etc.), it is recommended to implement a series of <strong>corrective</strong> and <strong>preventive</strong> <strong>actions</strong> (non-exhaustive):</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Reset passwords for suspected accounts</strong>: For any user who has been compromised or is suspected of being compromised, a password reset is required.</li>
<li><strong>Block malicious domains, IP addresses, and email addresses</strong>: Infrastructure elements used by the attacker (domains, IPs, senders) should be blocked using available network solutions (proxy, firewall, mail filters) as soon as they are detected. This will limit the risk of further propagation.</li>
<li><strong>Perform antivirus/EDR scans on compromised user workstations</strong>: Workstations of compromised users should undergo antivirus or EDR analysis to:
<ul>
<li>Detect and remove any potential malicious files</li>
<li>Ensure that phishing-related files are no longer present on the workstation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Strengthen user awareness</strong>: Communication about ongoing phishing campaigns should be sent to users to prevent further compromise. Regular phishing awareness campaigns are strongly recommended, particularly for users who have already been compromised.</li>
<li><strong>Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for Zimbra mail access</strong>: Deploying a second authentication factor is highly recommended to secure mailbox access. While MFA can be perceived as inconvenient, using a Single Sign-On (SSO) with unified MFA can reduce friction while strengthening overall authentication security.</li>
<li><strong>Deploy a specialized phishing detection and filtering solution</strong>: It is recommended to install a specialized solution in detecting malicious activity in email environments. The solution should be able to identify:
<ul>
<li>Logins from unusual IP addresses</li>
<li>Brute-force attempts on user accounts</li>
<li>Mass email sending to numerous recipients</li>
<li>Use of suspicious attachments or links to untrusted domains</li>
<li>Active phishing campaigns (e.g., identified by a CTI service)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Ensure Zimbra log retention</strong>: It is important to secure the collection and retention of logs. It is recommended to centralize logs from the entire Zimbra infrastructure on a server external to that infrastructure. This ensures that even in the event of compromise, modification, or encryption of Zimbra servers, logs remain intact and accessible, allowing reliable forensic investigations.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Although non-exhaustive, these remediation measures will help <strong>restore confidence</strong> in your Zimbra infrastructure and user accounts. <strong>Continuous monitoring</strong> and <strong>improvement</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>security</strong> <strong>posture</strong> will, however, be necessary to adapt to <strong>future</strong> <strong>threats</strong>.</p>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;"> </h1>
<p style="text-align: justify;">At the end of this little investigation, one thing is certain: while the attacker can choose the easiest path, the forensic analyst doesn’t have that luxury. Between <strong>scattered</strong> (or sometimes <strong>missing</strong>) <strong>logs</strong>, <strong>conflicting</strong> <strong>user</strong> <strong>testimonials</strong>, and <strong>limited</strong> <strong>visibility</strong> into certain Zimbra events, conducting an investigation can sometimes feel <strong>like solving a Rubik’s Cube</strong>… <strong>in the dark</strong>… <strong>with mittens on</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">But with a <strong>solid methodology</strong> and a <strong>few good habits</strong>, Zimbra can reveal far more information than it might seem at first glance. Its logs are a <strong>real goldmine</strong>, provided you <strong>don’t get lost in them</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ultimately, this article does not aim to turn every reader into a J<strong>edi master of Zimbra forensics</strong>… but if it can save you two days of trying to <strong>decode Zimbra logs</strong> or <strong>hunt down the useful information</strong>, then the goal has been achieved!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">And as is often said, in cybersecurity as elsewhere, <strong>prevention is better than cure</strong>. So harden your Zimbra infrastructure, back up your logs, raise user awareness… and above all, don&#8217;t be short on coffee supplies!</p>
<p> </p>
<h1>Sources</h1>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000080;"><a style="color: #000080;" href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Log_Files">https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Log_Files</a></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000080;"><a style="color: #000080;" href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Troubleshooting_Course_Content_Rough_Drafts-Zimbra_Architecture_Component_Overview">https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Troubleshooting_Course_Content_Rough_Drafts-Zimbra_Architecture_Component_Overview</a></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000080;"><a style="color: #000080;" href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Trouble_Shooting_Spam_Score_Changes">https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Trouble_Shooting_Spam_Score_Changes</a></span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>


<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2026/01/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation-part-2/">Zimbra Mailbox Compromise: From Analysis to Remediation (Part 2)</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Zimbra Mailbox Compromise: From Analysis to Remediation (Part 1)</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2025/12/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Evenson Jeunesse]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 09:07:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Deep-dive]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Compromission]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forensic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Incident response]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>The simplest attacks are often the most effective. In most companies, webmail access portals are exposed on the internet and do not always benefit from sufficient access-control mechanisms. In addition, some messaging services offer extended features that go beyond simple...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2025/12/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation/">Zimbra Mailbox Compromise: From Analysis to Remediation (Part 1)</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The <strong>simplest</strong> attacks are often the <strong>most effective</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In most companies, <strong>webmail access portals</strong> are <strong>exposed on the internet</strong> and do not always benefit from <strong>sufficient access-control mechanisms</strong>. In addition, some messaging services offer extended features that go beyond simple email consultation, such as <strong>file sharing</strong> or access to <strong>collaborative applications</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Poorly secured messaging services</strong> therefore represent <strong>prime targets for attackers</strong>. Compromising a mailbox can then be used to launch phishing campaigns, <strong>access sensitive data</strong>, carry out <strong>fraud attempts</strong>, or even gain <strong>access to other services</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">At <strong>CERT-W</strong>, we regularly deal with this type of compromise. In particular, several of our investigations in 2025 involved the <strong>compromise of Zimbra email accounts</strong>, a solution used by many public and private organizations. Faced with these incidents, we noticed a clear <strong>lack of forensic documentation</strong> specific to Zimbra infrastructures.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This article is therefore our modest contribution to filling this gap. We share a <strong>pragmatic</strong> approach and a <strong>few tips</strong> to help you save time when analyzing this type of environment, as well as some remediation measures.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>The Zimbra Infrastructure</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If you’re not familiar with Zimbra infrastructures, don’t worry: <strong>this section is for you</strong>! For the more experienced readers, feel free to jump straight to the investigation section (<em>we won’t hold it against you</em>).</p>
<h3>The architecture</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Zimbra isn’t just &#8220;<em>another mail server</em>&#8220;. It’s a complete <strong>open-source collaborative suite</strong> that brings together several useful components<strong>:</strong></p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>A mail server:</strong> the core of the system.</li>
<li><strong>A calendar, contacts, and task manager:</strong> so you never forget that 9 AM meeting.</li>
<li><strong>A web client:</strong> accessible from any browser.</li>
<li><strong>Additional services:</strong> antispam, antivirus, mobile synchronization, and more.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">But like any infrastructure used by hundreds (or even thousands) of users simultaneously, sizing and performance quickly become important topics. That’s why Zimbra can be deployed in two different ways:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Monolithic mode:</strong> everything on a single server (simple and effective… up to a point).</li>
<li><strong>Distributed mode:</strong> multiple servers, each with a specific role, to better handle load, availability, and maintenance.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In simplified form, a distributed Zimbra infrastructure looks like this<strong>:</strong></p>



<figure id="attachment_28574" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28574" style="width: 1196px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28574" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Architecture-zimbra-EN.png" alt="Architecture of a Distributed Zimbra Infrastructure" width="1196" height="669" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Architecture-zimbra-EN.png 1196w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Architecture-zimbra-EN-341x191.png 341w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Architecture-zimbra-EN-71x39.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Architecture-zimbra-EN-768x430.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1196px) 100vw, 1196px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28574" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Architecture of a Distributed Zimbra Infrastructure</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Although the architecture may vary, the following components are usually present:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Proxy Server:</strong> the entry point for Web, IMAP/POP, and ActiveSync clients. Logs generated at this level provide visibility into user connections (IP addresses, user agents, timestamps, etc.).</li>
<li><strong>Web Client Server (Mailboxd UI):</strong> hosts the Webmail interface used by users to access their mailbox through a browser.</li>
<li><strong>Mailbox Server (Mailboxd):</strong> hosts user mailboxes and manages messages, folders, and calendars. This component generates the richest logs (e.g., <em>mailbox.log</em>, <em>audit.log</em>, <em>sync.log</em>).</li>
<li><strong>MTA Server (Message Transfer Agent):</strong> receives emails via SMTP and delivers them to the appropriate Zimbra mailbox server using the LMTP (Local Mail Transfer Protocol).</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The Zimbra MTA relies on several complementary services:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Postfix MTA:</strong> handles message routing, relaying, and filtering (including attachments).</li>
<li><strong>ClamAV:</strong> antivirus engine responsible for scanning messages and attachments.</li>
<li><strong>SpamAssassin and DSPAM:</strong> spam filters that use various mechanisms to identify unwanted emails.</li>
<li><strong>Amavis:</strong> the orchestrator that runs the configured antivirus and antispam engines, then applies processing policies to incoming messages.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The <strong>MTA server</strong> plays a key role in the Zimbra infrastructure. This is where <strong>most of the security checks</strong> applied to <strong>incoming emails</strong> are performed. The diagram below illustrates the main stages of this analysis workflow:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28578" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28578" style="width: 1448px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28578" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Zimbra-MTA-scans-EN.png" alt="Zimbra incoming email analysis process" width="1448" height="596" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Zimbra-MTA-scans-EN.png 1448w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Zimbra-MTA-scans-EN-437x180.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Zimbra-MTA-scans-EN-71x29.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Zimbra-MTA-scans-EN-768x316.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1448px) 100vw, 1448px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28578" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Zimbra incoming email analysis process</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the process of receiving an incoming email, the message is first handled by <strong>Postfix</strong>, which then forwards it to <strong>Amavis</strong> for analysis. <strong>Amavis</strong> invokes the <strong>various configured analysis engines</strong> and submits the email to each of them to collect their results. Based on the defined policies, Amavis returns a verdict to Postfix: deliver the message, block it, or move it to a specific folder.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3>Zimbra logs</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Now that you’re practically a Zimbra architecture expert (or almost <img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f609.png" alt="😉" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />), you’ve probably noticed that <strong>many services</strong> are required to handle users’ email <strong>sending</strong> and <strong>receiving</strong>. The good news is that <strong>each of these services generates its own logs</strong>, providing significant <strong>visibility</strong> into the activity of the mail infrastructure. And for us forensic analysts, that’s excellent news: <strong>we love logs</strong>!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Studying the logs generated by Zimbra allows us to <strong>reconstruct the timeline of a compromise</strong>, identify compromised mailboxes, spot malicious attachments, and even detect potential internal relays.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This <strong>wealth of information</strong> is made possible thanks to logs, which are mainly located in:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/mailbox.log:</strong> main log of user activities (authentications, sending/receiving emails, managing mails, folders, contacts, calendars, etc.).</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/access_log:</strong> Webmail access log (IP addresses, user agents, visited URLs).</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/audit.log:</strong> authentication traces (successes, failures, mechanisms used).</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/sync.log:</strong> mobile synchronization traces (ActiveSync/EAS).</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/convertd.log:</strong> file conversion traces (Webmail previews, indexing).</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/clamd.log | /opt/zimbra/log/freshclam.log:</strong> ClamAV antivirus activity.</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/spamtrain.log:</strong> traces of user-initiated antispam training.</li>
<li><strong>/opt/zimbra/log/cbpolicyd.log:</strong> Postfix policy enforcement (quotas, anti-relay, restrictions).</li>
<li><strong>/var/log/mail.log:</strong> system Postfix logs (SMTP, LMTP, Amavis).</li>
<li><strong>/var/log/nginx.access.log | /var/log/nginx.log:</strong> Nginx web server logs (useful for contextualizing web sessions).</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately, in a <strong>distributed Zimbra architecture</strong>, logs are <strong>not centralized</strong>. In other words, to get a complete picture of an incident, an analyst often needs to <strong>collect logs from each node</strong>: proxy, mailstore, MTA, or any other peripheral server. Yes, it requires a bit of gymnastics (<em>and patience</em>).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As we mentioned, the wealth of Zimbra logs is a real <strong>goldmine</strong> for investigations… but, like any mine, you need to <strong>dig methodically</strong>, or you’ll quickly find yourself buried under tons of log lines. Some effort in <strong>sorting</strong> and <strong>correlating</strong> data is therefore necessary to <strong>extract relevant information</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">And despite their undeniable usefulness, Zimbra logs have some <strong>notable limitations</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>No access to the full content of emails</strong> or their attachments.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Email subjects are rarely available</strong>, except when intercepted by antispam or antivirus modules.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>No native visibility into the creation of forwarding rules</strong>.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Rapid rotation of verbose logs</strong> (like <em>log</em>), which limits the analysis time window if logs are not centralized.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h2>Investigating in a Zimbra Environment</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Now that Zimbra’s infrastructure and logs <strong>hold no secrets for you</strong>, it’s time to get <strong>practical</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Imagine you’re a forensic analyst, arriving early one morning, when suddenly: <strong>the phone rings.</strong> You’re being called because several users are reporting that emails, <strong>they didn’t send</strong> are appearing in their “Sent” folder.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Panic ensues</strong>! Users are afraid to log into their mailboxes, and some administrators start wondering whether the <strong>Zimbra infrastructure itself</strong> might be <strong>compromised</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since you know Zimbra inside out, the team naturally turns to you to <strong>investigate this incident</strong>!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As a forensic analyst, many questions come to mind:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><em>Have the accounts really been compromised? If so, how and since when?</em></li>
<li><em>How many users are affected?</em></li>
<li><em>What is the attacker’s objective, and what malicious actions have been carried out from these accounts?</em></li>
<li><em>Have the mail server or other Zimbra components been compromised?</em></li>
<li><em>And, most importantly: do I have time for a coffee </em><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/2615.png" alt="☕" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /><em> before the information hunt begins?</em></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To help you in your investigation, we’ll look at how to answer these questions through Zimbra log analysis. But first, here are some tips to guide your investigation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During incident response, it’s easy to feel <strong>overwhelmed</strong> by the <strong>amount of logs</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>events</strong> <strong>to analyze</strong>. Keeping a clear line of reasoning is essential. A few simple practices can help maintain focus:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Confirm:</strong> Verify the information that triggered the incident. Before diving deeper, ensure the initial alert is accurate. This undeniable baseline will serve as the foundation for the entire investigation.</li>
<li><strong>Correlate:</strong> Cross-check suspicious IP addresses and domains with other sources (proxy, VPN, EDR, online antivirus databases). This provides additional context related to the identified indicator.</li>
<li><strong>Pivot:</strong> Use the collected information to expand your analysis. An attacker might reuse the same IP address or user-agent across multiple accounts. Conversely, a compromised account might be accessed from different IP addresses or user-agents. Pivoting can reveal other indicators that help identify the attacker.</li>
<li><strong>Compare patterns:</strong> Even without direct access to email content or attachments, certain elements can reveal similarities (file size, identical filenames, repeated sequences of actions after account compromise). This behavioral analysis approach can help identify multiple users compromised by the same attacker. Such hypotheses should be formulated and handled cautiously, but they can be valuable for confirming intuition.</li>
<li><strong>Ensure log preservation:</strong> This may seem obvious, but as soon as an incident is detected, securing the logs is critical. Collect logs immediately from the entire Zimbra infrastructure and extend their retention period to prevent automatic deletion. Because let’s be honest: logs disappearing just as the forensic team arrives is a way too common scenario… one you definitely want to avoid.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While these tips <strong>aren’t exhaustive</strong>, they provide a solid foundation for conducting an analysis that is both <strong>fast</strong> and <strong>efficient</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3>Compromise and initial access</h3>
<h4><em>The spoofing trap</em></h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>You are not fooled</strong>! You know that sometimes one might believe the attacker is already inside the system, when in reality, they are still outside (fake it until you make it). Especially when multiple users start reporting concerning incidents, such as:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>&#8220;<em>I received an email from so-and-so, yet they claim they never sent it.</em>&#8220;</li>
<li>&#8220;<em>I received an email from my own address, which makes no sense!</em>&#8220;</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">But your experience pushes you to verify that the current confusion is not simply the result of… a <strong>spoofing attack</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, <strong>spoofing</strong> is a relatively simple identity impersonation attack used by malicious actors to <strong>falsify email header information</strong> (e.g. sender address) in order to <strong>deceive a victim</strong>. Spoofing allows an email to be sent while pretending to be from a <strong>legitimate sender</strong> (for example, an internal user of the company or the recipient themselves), when in reality the email comes from an infrastructure that has <strong>no authorization</strong> <strong>to use that email address</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The goal is to <strong>gain the recipient’s trust</strong> to prompt them to <strong>take an action</strong> (click a link, open an attachment, provide credentials, etc.) or bypass<strong> filtering mechanisms</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Mechanisms such as <strong>SPF</strong>, <strong>DKIM</strong>, and <strong>DMARC</strong> were designed to reduce the risks associated with spoofing by allowing verification of the sender domain and server authenticity.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">More specifically, the <strong>Sender Policy Framework (SPF)</strong> is an email security mechanism that allows verification that the sending server of a message is indeed authorized to send emails on behalf of the domain indicated in the sender’s address. The steps of an SPF check are illustrated below:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28576" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28576" style="width: 1143px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28576" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SPF-check-Zimbra-EN.png" alt="Steps involved in an SPF check" width="1143" height="478" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SPF-check-Zimbra-EN.png 1143w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SPF-check-Zimbra-EN-437x183.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SPF-check-Zimbra-EN-71x30.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SPF-check-Zimbra-EN-768x321.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1143px) 100vw, 1143px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28576" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Steps involved in an SPF check</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Concretely, the domain owner publishes in the DNS records a li<strong>st of IP addresses authorized to send emails</strong> on behalf of their domain. When a mail server receives an email, it can <strong>compare the sender’s IP address</strong> to this list and determine whether the message is legitimate or potentially fraudulent.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">An <strong>SPF check failure</strong> indicates that the email was sent from a <strong>server not authorized</strong> by the sender’s domain. This serves as an indicator for identifying <strong>potential spoofing attempts</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In Zimbra logs, <strong>SPF check failures</strong> can be identified using the following command:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28544" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28544" style="width: 1682px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28544" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-zimbra.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of messages that failed SPF check (zimbra.log)" width="1682" height="333" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-zimbra.log_.png 1682w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-zimbra.log_-437x87.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-zimbra.log_-71x14.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-zimbra.log_-768x152.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-zimbra.log_-1536x304.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1682px) 100vw, 1682px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28544" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of messages that failed SPF check (zimbra.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In above example, we can see that the message sent from <strong>attacker@microsoft.com</strong> to <strong>user25@wavestone.corp</strong> <strong>does not pass SPF validation</strong> (SPF_FAIL). The &#8220;<em>Yes</em>&#8221; field indicates that it is classified as spam. Since its score (9.172) exceeds the required threshold (4), this message will therefore <strong>not be delivered</strong> to its recipient.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, you should not place blind trust in the antispam engine! Some emails that <strong>fail SPF checks may still be delivered</strong>. To extract only these messages, you can use the following command:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28546" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28546" style="width: 1692px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28546" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-and-were-delivered-zimbra.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of messages that failed SPF check and were delivered (zimbra.log)" width="1692" height="360" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-and-were-delivered-zimbra.log_.png 1692w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-and-were-delivered-zimbra.log_-437x93.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-and-were-delivered-zimbra.log_-71x15.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-and-were-delivered-zimbra.log_-768x163.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2-Retrieval-of-messages-that-failed-SPF-check-and-were-delivered-zimbra.log_-1536x327.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1692px) 100vw, 1692px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28546" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of messages that failed SPF check and were delivered (zimbra.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the example below, the message <strong>fails the SPF check</strong>, but its score is negative (-2.06) and below the spam threshold (4). It is therefore considered <strong>legitimate</strong> and <strong>delivered to the recipient despite the SPF failure.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As you can see, Zimbra logs make it possible to quickly <strong>identify senders responsible for spoofing attacks</strong>. Detecting a <strong>spoofing case</strong> <strong>early</strong> in the investigation helps to quickly reduce concerns and restore a certain level of <strong>trust in the Zimbra infrastructure</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<h4><em>Analysis of the attacker&#8217;s initial access</em></h4>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Once you have confirmed that you are <strong>not dealing with a spoofing attack</strong>, it means the attacker has, in one way or another, succeeded in compromising an account or a component of the infrastructure. The first step of your investigation will be to <strong>identify the attacker’s initial point of entry</strong>. This means finding the answers to the questions “Where?”, “When?”, and “How?”. But when it comes to compromising a mailbox, several approaches are possible…<br /><br /></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Account compromise through password brute‑forcing</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">One path you can explore is the possibility that the attacker attempted to compromise certain accounts through a <strong>brute‑force attack</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To do this, simply examine authentication failures in the Zimbra logs<strong>:</strong></p>
<figure id="attachment_28548" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28548" style="width: 1693px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28548" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/3-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-mail.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of connection failures (mail.log)" width="1693" height="229" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/3-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-mail.log_.png 1693w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/3-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-mail.log_-437x59.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/3-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-mail.log_-71x10.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/3-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-mail.log_-768x104.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/3-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-mail.log_-1536x208.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1693px) 100vw, 1693px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28548" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of connection failures (mail.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28550" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28550" style="width: 1690px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28550" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-audit.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of connection failures (audit.log)" width="1690" height="384" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-audit.log_.png 1690w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-audit.log_-437x99.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-audit.log_-71x16.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-audit.log_-768x175.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/4-Retrieval-of-connection-failures-audit.log_-1536x349.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1690px) 100vw, 1690px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28550" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of connection failures (audit.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the events above, we can see <strong>authentication attempts</strong> coming from the IP address <strong>100.100.4.111 </strong>that failed for the account <strong>user25@wavestone.corp</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A <strong>large number of unsuccessful login</strong> <strong>attempts</strong> over a <strong>short period</strong>, from the <strong>same IP address</strong> or targeting the <strong>same account</strong>, is indicative of a <strong>brute‑force attempt</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">An excessive number of authentication failures can also <strong>trigger automatic</strong> <strong>account lockout</strong> by Zimbra:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28552" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28552" style="width: 1692px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28552" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/5-Retrieval-of-account-lockout-events-mail.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of account lockout events (mail.log)" width="1692" height="180" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/5-Retrieval-of-account-lockout-events-mail.log_.png 1692w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/5-Retrieval-of-account-lockout-events-mail.log_-437x46.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/5-Retrieval-of-account-lockout-events-mail.log_-71x8.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/5-Retrieval-of-account-lockout-events-mail.log_-768x82.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/5-Retrieval-of-account-lockout-events-mail.log_-1536x163.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1692px) 100vw, 1692px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28552" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of account lockout events (mail.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">From a forensic perspective, the appearance of such an event in the logs may suggest that an account was <strong>potentially targeted</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Once the brute‑force attempt has been identified, it is possible to check when the attacker may have used the compromised account by analyzing the <strong>successful logins</strong> associated with that user:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28554" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28554" style="width: 1689px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28554" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/6-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-audit.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of successful authentication events (audit.log)" width="1689" height="280" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/6-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-audit.log_.png 1689w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/6-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-audit.log_-437x72.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/6-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-audit.log_-71x12.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/6-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-audit.log_-768x127.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/6-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-audit.log_-1536x255.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1689px) 100vw, 1689px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28554" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of successful authentication events (audit.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28556" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28556" style="width: 1692px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28556" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/7-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of successful authentication events (mailbox.log)" width="1692" height="335" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/7-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-mailbox.log_.png 1692w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/7-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-mailbox.log_-437x87.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/7-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-mailbox.log_-71x14.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/7-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-mailbox.log_-768x152.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/7-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-mailbox.log_-1536x304.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1692px) 100vw, 1692px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28556" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of successful authentication events (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, if you have <strong>identified the attacker&#8217;s IP address</strong>, you can find all <strong>successful connections from that address</strong> using the following commands:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28558" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28558" style="width: 1694px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28558" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/8-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-audit.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of successful authentication events via IP (audit.log)" width="1694" height="49" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/8-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-audit.log_.png 1694w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/8-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-audit.log_-437x13.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/8-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-audit.log_-71x2.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/8-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-audit.log_-768x22.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/8-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-audit.log_-1536x44.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1694px) 100vw, 1694px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28558" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of successful authentication events via IP (audit.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_28560" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28560" style="width: 1693px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28560" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/9-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-mailbox.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of successful authentication events via IP (mailbox.log)" width="1693" height="48" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/9-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-mailbox.log_.png 1693w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/9-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-mailbox.log_-437x12.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/9-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-mailbox.log_-71x2.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/9-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-mailbox.log_-768x22.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/9-Retrieval-of-successful-authentication-events-via-IP-mailbox.log_-1536x44.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1693px) 100vw, 1693px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28560" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of successful authentication events via IP (mailbox.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Once malicious connections have been identified, it is necessary to <strong>analyze the account activity </strong>following these accesses in order to identify the <strong>actions performed by the attacker</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Account compromise through phishing attacks</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If no brute‑force attempts have been identified, another common initial compromise vector is the way too familiar: <strong>phishing attack</strong>! In this case, the attack does not target the Zimbra infrastructure directly: the user first receives an email prompting them to <strong>visit a fraudulent page</strong> or <strong>open a malicious file</strong>. Only after clicking does the damage occur (such as credential or session token theft).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In this scenario, you should, <strong>if possible</strong>, retrieve the malicious email from the user’s mailbox for analysis. If you can obtain it, here are the <strong>key pieces of information to collect</strong>:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Date and time of receipt</li>
<li>Subject of the email</li>
<li>Sender (From)</li>
<li>Recipients (To, Cc)</li>
<li>Reply addresses (Reply-To, Return-Path)</li>
<li>IP address of the originating sending server</li>
<li>Names of attachments (if any)</li>
<li>Results of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC checks</li>
<li>Identified phishing URLs (if present)</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">These elements will help reconstruct the <strong>attacker’s methodology</strong>, provide <strong>initial guidance</strong> for your investigation and define <strong>first remediation measures</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately, if you <strong>do not have direct access to the user’s mailbox</strong>, you will need to rely primarily on Zimbra logs, specifically the <strong>events generated by Amavis</strong> when analyzing <strong>incoming emails</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Suppose you want to <strong>identify malicious attachments</strong> sent by an attacker to users. Zimbra logs are very useful in this case, as they allow you to track the files that were analyzed and extract information such as their name, size, type, and fingerprint (SHA1).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The following command allows you to identify attachments processed by Amavis during the analysis of incoming messages:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28562" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28562" style="width: 1694px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28562" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/10-Retrieval-of-attachments-scanned-by-amavis-zimbra.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of attachments scanned by amavis (zimbra.log)" width="1694" height="311" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/10-Retrieval-of-attachments-scanned-by-amavis-zimbra.log_.png 1694w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/10-Retrieval-of-attachments-scanned-by-amavis-zimbra.log_-437x80.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/10-Retrieval-of-attachments-scanned-by-amavis-zimbra.log_-71x13.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/10-Retrieval-of-attachments-scanned-by-amavis-zimbra.log_-768x141.png 768w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/10-Retrieval-of-attachments-scanned-by-amavis-zimbra.log_-1536x282.png 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1694px) 100vw, 1694px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28562" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of attachments scanned by amavis (zimbra.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The result above shows that the file <strong>Evil.htm</strong> was analyzed by Amavis. Several useful pieces of information can be found:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Date and time: <strong>November 12 at 11:15</strong></li>
<li>SHA‑1 signature of the file: <strong>9d57b71f9f758a27ccd680f701317574174e82d8</strong></li>
<li>Size: <strong>22,111 bytes</strong></li>
<li>Content-Type: <strong>text/html</strong></li>
<li>Amavis session ID associated with this analysis: <strong>4384125-19</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, on their own, these elements do not allow you to determine <strong>which users received this attachment</strong> or <strong>who the sender was</strong>. To obtain this information, a second command must be executed to retrieve all traces associated with this Amavis session:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28564" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28564" style="width: 1317px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28564" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/11-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of traces generated by an amavis analysis session (zimbra.log)" width="1317" height="723" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/11-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_.png 1317w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/11-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_-348x191.png 348w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/11-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_-71x39.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/11-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_-768x422.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1317px) 100vw, 1317px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28564" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of traces generated by an amavis analysis session (zimbra.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">From this information, you can now deduce that <strong>attacker@example.com</strong> sent the file <strong>Evil.htm</strong> (22,111 bytes) to <strong>user25@wavestone.corp</strong> on <strong>November 12 at 11:15</strong>, and that its SHA‑1 signature is <strong>9d57b71f9f758a27ccd680f701317574174e82d8</strong>. Not bad, right?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During your investigation, you can further filter the output of these commands to identify:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><strong>Attachments with suspicious extensions</strong> (e.g., *.htm, *.html, *.exe, *.js, *.arj, *.iso, *.bat, <em>.ps1,</em> or Office/PDF documents containing macros)</li>
<li><strong>Files previously observed during the early stages of the incident</strong> (for example, a file downloaded by patient zero)</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">During a <strong>phishing campaign</strong> involving the <strong>delivery</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>a</strong> <strong>malicious</strong> <strong>file</strong>, attackers often tend to distribute the <strong>same file to multiple users</strong>. It is therefore possible to rely on <strong>statistical analysis</strong> to highlight <strong>abnormal values</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The following command allows you to identify <strong>identical files</strong> present in several incoming emails:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28566" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28566" style="width: 1320px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28566" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/12-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of traces generated by an amavis analysis session (zimbra.log)" width="1320" height="528" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/12-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_.png 1320w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/12-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_-437x175.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/12-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_-71x28.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/12-Retrieval-of-traces-generated-by-an-amavis-analysis-session-zimbra.log_-768x307.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1320px) 100vw, 1320px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28566" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of traces generated by an amavis analysis session (zimbra.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The command above allows you to retrieve, for <strong>each attachment</strong> in emails received by Zimbra, the <strong>number of times it has been observed</strong> in other emails, based on its <strong>name</strong> and <strong>SHA‑1 signature</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In this example, the file <strong>Evil.htm</strong> appears in <strong>40 emails</strong>, which, combined with its <em>.htm</em> extension, makes it particularly suspicious. It would therefore be relevant to attempt to <strong>retrieve this file from the affected users</strong> to verify its legitimacy.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If the analysis of attachments did not help you identify the culprit, there is one last avenue to explore: retrieving phishing detections from <strong>SpamAssassin</strong> (an antispam engine executed by Amavis).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The following command allows you to identify messages flagged as suspected phishing by SpamAssassin:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28568" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28568" style="width: 1318px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28568" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/13-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-1-2.png" alt="Retrieval of messages categorized as phishing by SpamAssassin (zimbra.log) (1/2)" width="1318" height="438" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/13-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-1-2.png 1318w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/13-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-1-2-437x145.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/13-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-1-2-71x24.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/13-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-1-2-768x255.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1318px) 100vw, 1318px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28568" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of messages categorized as phishing by SpamAssassin (zimbra.log) (1/2)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, this command only provides <strong>limited information</strong>: the sender, the recipient, and the detection rules that were triggered. To obtain more details on the complete analysis, you must retrieve the <strong>Amavis session ID</strong> associated with the message (here <strong>765283-08</strong>), then execute the following command:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28570" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28570" style="width: 1319px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28570" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/14-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-2-2.png" alt="Retrieval of messages categorized as phishing by SpamAssassin (zimbra.log) (2/2)" width="1319" height="40" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/14-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-2-2.png 1319w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/14-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-2-2-437x13.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/14-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-2-2-71x2.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/14-Retrieval-of-messages-categorized-as-phishing-by-SpamAssassin-zimbra.log-2-2-768x23.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1319px) 100vw, 1319px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28570" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of messages categorized as phishing by SpamAssassin (zimbra.log) (2/2)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This second command provides access to <strong>additional information</strong> generated during the analysis of the message by Amavis.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, <strong>SpamAssassin results should be interpreted with caution</strong>, as its detection rules can generate a significant number of false positives.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Exploiting a vulnerability on the Zimbra web server</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Your experience as a forensic investigator has taught you</strong>: this is neither the first nor the last time that an application vulnerability allows an attacker to hijack user sessions. <strong>Zimbra is no exception</strong>, and its web server, which provides access to mailboxes, could very well be vulnerable to this type of attack.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Compromise of the Zimbra web server could, in theory, allow an attacker to <strong>capture credentials of users logging in</strong>. “But how can we check if Zimbra has been subjected to web intrusion attempts?” you might ask.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A first step is to <strong>inspect the proxy (nginx) logs</strong> to identify <strong>malicious</strong> or <strong>suspicious</strong> <strong>HTTP</strong> <strong>requests</strong> targeting the web interface:</p>
<figure id="attachment_28572" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28572" style="width: 1501px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-28572" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/15-Retrieval-of-web-exploitation-attempts-nginx.lognginx.access.log_.png" alt="Retrieval of web exploitation attempts (nginx.log/nginx.access.log)" width="1501" height="566" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/15-Retrieval-of-web-exploitation-attempts-nginx.lognginx.access.log_.png 1501w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/15-Retrieval-of-web-exploitation-attempts-nginx.lognginx.access.log_-437x165.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/15-Retrieval-of-web-exploitation-attempts-nginx.lognginx.access.log_-71x27.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/15-Retrieval-of-web-exploitation-attempts-nginx.lognginx.access.log_-768x290.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1501px) 100vw, 1501px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-28572" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Retrieval of web exploitation attempts (nginx.log/nginx.access.log)</em></figcaption></figure>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Among the indicators to look for in the logs are:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Unusual <strong>POST </strong>or<strong> PUT</strong> requests or requests to unexpected endpoints</li>
<li>Injection attempts (<strong>SQLi</strong>, <strong>LFI</strong>, <strong>RCE</strong> payloads visible in URIs or parameters)</li>
<li>Repeated access to non-public resources or atypical scripts</li>
<li>Strange <strong>User-Agents</strong> or a high concentration of requests from the same IP</li>
<li>Numerous <strong>4xx/5xx errors</strong> on sensitive paths (indicative of scanning/enumeration)</li>
<li>Signs of file uploads (attempts to access <strong>/tmp</strong>, <strong>/uploads</strong>, etc.) or hits on <strong>known web shells</strong></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If you observe <strong>malicious requests</strong> that succeeded (for example, with an <strong>HTTP 200</strong> code), it is recommended to <strong>conduct a more in-depth investigation</strong> on the server to determine whether the exploitation was actually successful.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Compromise of the user&#8217;s workstation</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If none of the previous scenarios seem to match what you are observing and the initial point of entry remains <strong>unidentified</strong>, it is possible that the attacker <strong>obtained access credentials directly from the user’s workstation</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This type of compromise can occur, for example:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>As a result of a <strong>previous phishing campaign</strong></li>
<li>Because the user <strong>executed a malicious program</strong> on their machine (cracks, software downloaded from a dubious site, connecting an infected USB drive, etc.)</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Once able to execute code on the workstation, the attacker can easily extr<strong>act credentials stored in the browser</strong>, <strong>retrieve session cookies</strong>, or even <strong>install a keylogger</strong> to capture keystrokes.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Detecting this type of compromise goes beyond the scope of this article. But keep this possibility in mind: if no intrusion traces appear in Zimbra, <strong>the problem may lie elsewhere</strong> <img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f609.png" alt="😉" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Yes! The investigation is far from over! This first part has allowed you to master Zimbra’s architecture, understand the different sources of evidence, and observe that through Zimbra logs it is possible to identify several compromise techniques. However, the initial access is only the starting point of our research. In a second part, we will continue the post–initial-access analysis. First, we will try to identify the malicious actions carried out by the attacker after compromising an account. Second, we will review the various remediation measures to implement. Stay tuned, a follow-up article will be published soon to delve deeper into these next steps!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2>Sources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Log_Files"><span style="color: #333399;">https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Log_Files</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Troubleshooting_Course_Content_Rough_Drafts-Zimbra_Architecture_Component_Overview"><span style="color: #333399;">https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Troubleshooting_Course_Content_Rough_Drafts-Zimbra_Architecture_Component_Overview</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Trouble_Shooting_Spam_Score_Changes"><span style="color: #333399;">https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Trouble_Shooting_Spam_Score_Changes</span></a></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>


<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2025/12/zimbra-mailbox-compromise-from-analysis-to-remediation/">Zimbra Mailbox Compromise: From Analysis to Remediation (Part 1)</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>CERT-W Newsletter February 2021</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/03/cert-w-newsletter-february-2021/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 16 Mar 2021 15:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[CERT Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=15372</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Monthly indicators TOP ATTACK Two French hospital under ransomware attacks Ransomware attacks struck two French hospital groups in less than a week, prompting the transfer of some patients to other facilities but not affecting care for Covid-19 patients or virus...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/03/cert-w-newsletter-february-2021/">CERT-W Newsletter February 2021</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="post-14786 media-14786" class="align-center">
<figure id="post-14983 media-14983" class="align-center">
<figure id="post-15176 media-15176" class="align-center">
<figure id="post-15373 media-15373" class="align-center"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-15373" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/23.png" alt="" width="761" height="239" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/23.png 1498w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/23-437x137.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/23-71x22.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/23-768x241.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px" /></figure>
</figure>
</figure>
</figure>
<table style="width: 0%; height: 294px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 89px; border: 0px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Monthly indicators</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 48px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 48px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/16/several-french-hospitals-crippled-by-cyberattacks"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Two French hospital under ransomware attacks</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Ransomware attacks struck <strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">two French hospital groups in less than a week</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">, prompting the transfer of some patients to other facilities but not affecting care for Covid-19 patients or virus vaccinations. </span>The two French hospitals were stricken with <strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">ransomware attacks,</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> and a third pre-emptively </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">cut connections with an IT provider</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">. </span>The Villefranche-sur-Saône hospital complex in France’s eastern Rhone département (administrative area) announced Monday that a cyber-attack had been detected at 4:30am local time. The attack by the crypto-virus RYUK, a kind of ransomware, &#8220;strongly impacts&#8221; the Villefranche, Tarare and Trévoux sites of the North-West Hospital.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>TOP EXPLOIT</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/outdated-computer-system-exploited-florida-water-treatment-plant/story?id=75805550"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>An outdated version of Windows and a weak cybersecurity network allowed hackers to poison the Florida water treatment</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 37px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">The hacker was able to <strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">use remote access software to raise the levels of sodium hydroxide</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> in the water from about 100 parts per million to 11,100 parts per million for a few minutes, according to investigators. The FBI&#8217;s Cyber Division on Tuesday notified law enforcement agencies and businesses to warn them about the computer vulnerabilities, which led to the Bruce T. Haddock </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">Water Treatment Plant</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> in Oldsmar being hacked on Feb. 5.</span><br />
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">The plant&#8217;s computer systems were using Windows 7, which hasn&#8217;t received support or updates from Microsoft in over a year, according to the FBI.</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP LEAK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 21px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://cybernews.com/news/largest-compilation-of-emails-and-passwords-leaked-free/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>COMB: more than 3 billion of Gmail, Hotmail, Netflix passwords have leaked</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 35px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">It’s being called <strong>the biggest breach of all time</strong> and <strong>the mother of all breaches</strong>: COMB, or the Compilation of Many Breaches, contains more than 3.2 billion unique pairs of cleartext emails and passwords. While many data breaches and leaks have plagued the internet in the past, this one is exceptional in the sheer size of it. To wit, the entire population of the planet is at roughly 7.8 billion, and this is about 40% of that.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; height: 212px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 89px; border: 0px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Cybercrime watch</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/ten-hackers-arrested-for-string-of-sim-swapping-attacks-against-celebrities"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Arrest,Ten hackers arrested after stealing over USD 100 million in cryptocurrencies by hijacking phone numbers</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Around 10 criminals have been <strong>arrested</strong> as a result of an <strong>international investigation into a series of sim swapping attacks</strong> targeting high-profile victims in the United States. The attacks orchestrated by this criminal gang targeted thousands of victims throughout 2020, including famous internet influencers, sport stars, musicians and their families. The criminals are believed to have <strong>stolen</strong> from them over <strong>USD 100 million in cryptocurrencies</strong> after illegally gaining access to their phones.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.cert.ssi.gouv.fr/cti/CERTFR-2021-CTI-005/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">Sandworm intrusion set campaign targeting Centreon systems, impacting several French entities</span></strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">ANSSI has been informed of <strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">an intrusion campaign targeting the monitoring software Centreon</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> distributed by the French company CENTREON which resulted in the </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">breach of several French entities</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">. This campaign mostly affected information technology providers, especially web hosting providers.</span><br />
On compromised systems, ANSSI discovered the presence of a backdoor in the form of a webshell dropped on several Centreon servers exposed to the internet. This campaign bears several similarities with previous campaigns attributed to the <strong>intrusion set named Sandworm.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/dutch-covid-19-patient-data-sold-on-the-criminal-underground/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Following Emotet and Netwalker arrest, groups of cybercriminal publicity released victim&#8217;s decrytption keys</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">Less than one month after the arrest of <strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">Emotet and Netwalker</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> networks, two cybercriminal groups known as Ziggy and Fonix announced that they were shutting down their ransomware operations and would be releasing all of the </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">decryption keys</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">. The groups mentioned concerns about recent law enforcement activity and guilt for encrypting victims. Ziggy ransomware admin indeed </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">posted a SQL file</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> containing 922 decryption keys for encrypted victims. For each victim, the SQL file lists three keys needed to decrypt their encrypted files.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 89px; text-align: left; border: 0px solid #21a6a6;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Vulnerability watch</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1300"><strong>CVE-2021-1300</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Cisco SD-WAN Vulnerability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score: 9.8 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>Cisco is warning of multiple, critical vulnerabilities in its software-defined networking for wide-area networks (<a href="https://threatpost.com/cisco-zero-day-anyconnect-secure-patch/160988/">SD-WAN</a>) solutions for business users. One of them is this buffer-overflow flaw stems from incorrect handling of IP traffic; an attacker could exploit the flaw by sending crafted IP traffic through an affected device, which may cause a buffer overflow when the traffic is processed. Ultimately, this allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the underlying operating system with root privileges.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1257"><strong>CVE-2021-1257</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #21a6a6;"><b><u><strong>Cisco Digital Network Architecture CSRF Vulnerability</strong></u></b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 8.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>The flaw exists in the web-based management interface of the Cisco DNA Center, which is a centralized network-management and orchestration platform for Cisco DNA. An attacker could exploit the vulnerability by socially engineering a web-based management user into following a specially crafted link, say via a phishing email or chat. If the user clicks on the link, the attacker can then perform arbitrary actions on the device with the privileges of the authenticated user.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1647"><strong>CVE-2021-1647</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Microsoft Defender Remote Code Execution Vulnerability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 119px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 7.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>It could allow an authenticated user to execute arbitrary .NET code on an affected server in the context of the SharePoint Web Application service account. In its default configuration, authenticated SharePoint users are able to create sites that provide all of the necessary permissions that are prerequisites for launching an attack.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/03/cert-w-newsletter-february-2021/">CERT-W Newsletter February 2021</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>CERT-W Newsletter January 2021</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/02/cert-w-newsletter-january-2021/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2021 08:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cyber]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=15175</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Monthly indicators TOP ATTACK SolarWinds aftermaths On the 11th of January, a website presumably owned by the actors behind the SolarWinds breach has surfaced, claiming to be selling data obtained using the SolarWinds backdoor. The site, using the domain solarleaks.net,...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/02/cert-w-newsletter-january-2021/">CERT-W Newsletter January 2021</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="post-14786 media-14786" class="align-center">
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<figure id="post-15176 media-15176" class="align-center"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-15176" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/january.png" alt="" width="862" height="275" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/january.png 1358w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/january-437x139.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/january-71x23.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/january-768x245.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px" /></figure>
</figure>
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<table style="width: 0%; height: 294px;">
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 89px; border: 0px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Monthly indicators</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 48px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 48px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://securityboulevard.com/2021/01/solarwinds-aftermath-continues-with-solarleaks/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>SolarWinds aftermaths</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">On the 11<sup style="font-family: inherit;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> of January, a website presumably owned by the actors behind the SolarWinds breach has surfaced, claiming to be selling data obtained using the SolarWinds backdoor. The site, using the domain </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">solarleaks.net</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">, displays only a pgp signed message, in which the actors share the links to download the stolen information, which has already been encrypted. The domain solarwinds.net has a sister domain located in the dark web, presumably to provide access in case of a takedown.<br />
</span>Simultaneously, a growing number of cybersecurity vendors like <a href="https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/sunspot-malware-technical-analysis/"><strong>CrowdStrike</strong></a>, <a href="https://fidelissecurity.com/threatgeek/data-protection/ongoing-analysis-solarwinds-impact/"><strong>Fidelis</strong></a>, FireEye, <a href="https://threatpost.com/malwarebytes-solarwinds-attackers/163190/"><strong>Malwarebytes</strong></a>, Palo Alto Networks and <a href="https://threatpost.com/mimecast-solarwinds-hack-security-vendor-victims/163431/"><strong>Mimecast</strong></a> are confirming being targeted in the espionage attack. “What started out as the SolarWinds attack is slowly turning out to be perhaps the most sophisticated and wide-reaching cyber-campaign we have ever seen,” Ami Luttwak, CTO and co-founder of Wiz “It encompasses multiple companies used as backdoors to other companies, numerous tools and novel attack methods. This is far more than SolarWinds.”</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>TOP EXPLOIT</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/21/dept_education_school_laptops_malware/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Laptops given to British schools came preloaded with remote-access worm</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 37px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">A shipment of laptops supplied to British schools by the Department for Education to help kids learn under lockdown came preloaded with <strong>Gamarue</strong> – an old remote-access worm from the 2010s. This software nasty doesn&#8217;t just spread from computer to computer, it also tries to connect to outside servers for instructions to carry out. From what we know a batch of <strong>23,000 computers</strong>, the GeoBook 1E running Windows 10, made by Shenzhen-headquartered Tactus Group, contained the units that were loaded with malware.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP LEAK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 21px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://threatpost.com/meetmindful-daters-compromised-data-breach/163313/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Hacker leaks data of 2.28 million dating site user</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 35px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">The dating site&#8217;s data has been shared as a free download on a publicly accessible hacking forum known for its trade in hacked databases. The leaked data, a <strong>1.2 GB</strong> file, appears to be a dump of the site&#8217;s <strong>users database</strong>. Some of the most sensitive data points included in the file include: Real names; Email addresses; City, state, and ZIP details; Body details; Dating preferences; Marital status; Birth dates; Latitude and longitude; IP addresses; Bcrypt-hashed account passwords; Facebook user IDs; and Facebook authentication tokens. Messages exchanged by users were not included in the leaked file; however, this does not make the entire incident less sensitive.</td>
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</table>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 89px; border: 0px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Cybercrime watch</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/01/arrest-seizures-tied-to-netwalker-ransomware/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Arrest, seizure tied to NetWalker ransomware</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">U.S. and Bulgarian authorities this week seized the dark web site used by the <strong>NetWalker</strong> ransomware cybercrime group to publish data stolen from its victims. NetWalker is a ransomware-as-a-service crimeware product in which affiliates rent access to the continuously updated malware code in exchange for a percentage of any funds extorted from victims. In connection with the seizure, a Canadian national suspected of extorting more than <strong>$27 million</strong> through the spreading of NetWalker was charged in a Florida court.</td>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/01/international-action-targets-emotet-crimeware/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">International action targets Emotet crimeware</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">Authorities across Europe said they’d seized control over <strong>Emotet</strong>, a prolific malware strain and cybercrime-as-service operation. Investigators say the action could help quarantine more than <strong>a million Microsoft Windows systems currently compromised</strong> with malware tied to Emotet infections. The law enforcement action included the arrest of several suspects in Europe thought to be connected to the crimeware gang and the take down of various servers that communicate with infected systems.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/dutch-covid-19-patient-data-sold-on-the-criminal-underground/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Duch insider attack on Covid-19 data</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">Dutch police have arrested <strong>two individuals</strong> in Amsterdam for allegedly selling data from the Dutch health ministry’s COVID-19 systems on the criminal underground. The arrests came after an investigation by RTL Nieuws reporter Daniel Verlaan who discovered ads for Dutch citizen data online, advertised on instant messaging apps like Telegram, Snapchat, and Wickr. According to Verlaan, <strong>the two suspects worked in DDG call centers</strong>, where they had access to official Dutch government COVID-19 systems and databases, and as they were working from home, they could easily take photos of their screens.</td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 89px; text-align: left; border: 0px solid #21a6a6;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Vulnerability watch</strong></h1>
</td>
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<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1300"><strong>CVE-2021-1300</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Cisco SD-WAN Vulnerability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score: 9.8 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>Cisco is warning of multiple, critical vulnerabilities in its software-defined networking for wide-area networks (<a href="https://threatpost.com/cisco-zero-day-anyconnect-secure-patch/160988/">SD-WAN</a>) solutions for business users. One of them is this buffer-overflow flaw stems from incorrect handling of IP traffic; an attacker could exploit the flaw by sending crafted IP traffic through an affected device, which may cause a buffer overflow when the traffic is processed. Ultimately, this allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the underlying operating system with root privileges.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1257"><strong>CVE-2021-1257</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #21a6a6;"><b><u><strong>Cisco Digital Network Architecture CSRF Vulnerability</strong></u></b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 8.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>The flaw exists in the web-based management interface of the Cisco DNA Center, which is a centralized network-management and orchestration platform for Cisco DNA. An attacker could exploit the vulnerability by socially engineering a web-based management user into following a specially crafted link, say via a phishing email or chat. If the user clicks on the link, the attacker can then perform arbitrary actions on the device with the privileges of the authenticated user.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1647"><strong>CVE-2021-1647</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Microsoft Defender Remote Code Execution Vulnerability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 119px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 7.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>It could allow an authenticated user to execute arbitrary .NET code on an affected server in the context of the SharePoint Web Application service account. In its default configuration, authenticated SharePoint users are able to create sites that provide all of the necessary permissions that are prerequisites for launching an attack.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/02/cert-w-newsletter-january-2021/">CERT-W Newsletter January 2021</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>CERT-W Newsletter December 2020</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/01/cert-w-newsletter-december-2020-risk-insight/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2021 08:00:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybersecurity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=14972</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Monthly indicators TOP ATTACK The massive SolarWind hack Russian SVR Hackers have been romping through some 18,000 of SolarsWinds&#8217; Origin customer servers using the SUNBURST malware installed via a backdoored update server. FireEye, Microsoft and GoDaddy believe the avsvmcloud domain...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/01/cert-w-newsletter-december-2020-risk-insight/">CERT-W Newsletter December 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="post-14786 media-14786" class="align-center">
<figure id="post-14983 media-14983" class="align-center"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14983" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/DECEMBER.png" alt="" width="1512" height="482" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/DECEMBER.png 1512w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/DECEMBER-437x139.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/DECEMBER-71x23.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/DECEMBER-768x245.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1512px) 100vw, 1512px" /></figure>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 89px; border: 0px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Monthly indicators</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 48px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 48px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/12/21/in_brief_security/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>The massive SolarWind hack</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Russian SVR Hackers have been romping through some 18,000 of SolarsWinds&#8217; Origin customer servers using the SUNBURST malware installed via a backdoored update server. FireEye, Microsoft and GoDaddy believe the avsvmcloud domain has been used to coordinate attacks. We do not know yet how the hackers hacked into SolarWinds but last year the company’s server was protected by the password “solarwinds123” (<a style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;" href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/12/16/solarwinds_github_password/">link</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> for more details).</span></td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>TOP EXPLOIT</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/12/iphone-zero-click-wi-fi-exploit-is-one-of-the-most-breathtaking-hacks-ever/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>iPhone zero click Wi-Fi exploit</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 37px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Before Apple patch, Wi-Fi packets could steal photos. No interaction needed. Over the air. This Wi-Fi packet of death exploit was devised by Ian Beer, a researcher at Project Zero, Google’s vulnerability research arm. In this post (<a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/12/an-ios-zero-click-radio-proximity.html">link</a>), Beer covers the entire process to successfully exploiting this vulnerability in order to run arbitrary code on any nearby iOS device and steal all the user data.</td>
</tr>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP LEAK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 21px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/12/07/data_breach_in_hackathon_data/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Travel agency leaked customer data by giving away in a hackaton</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 35px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">When running a hackathon in 2017, the Australian travel agency, Flight Centre, provided a dataset containing 106 million rows of data and containing 6,121,565 individual customer records. Unfortunately, credit card records and passport numbers belonging to close to 7,000 people were in free text fields. An investigation showed that the agency:</p>
<ul>
<li>Did not implement a way to prevent its employees to fill out those fields with personal information.</li>
<li>Did not carry out the necessary checks, only reviewing a top 1,000 row sample for each data file within the dataset.</li>
</ul>
</td>
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</tbody>
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<table style="width: 100%; height: 212px;">
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 89px; border: 0px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Cybercrime watch</strong></h1>
</td>
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<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-is-selling-access-to-the-email-accounts-of-hundreds-of-c-level-executives/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>A hacker is selling access to the email accounts of hundreds of C-Level Executives</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">The data (email and password combinations for Office 365 and Microsoft accounts) is being sold on a closed-access underground forum for Russian-speaking hackers named Exploit.in. Access to any of these accounts is sold for prices ranging from $100 to $1,500, depending on the company size and user&#8217;s role. The validity of the data has been confirmed and the seller refused to share how he obtained the login credentials but said he had hundreds more to sell.</td>
</tr>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/12/01/scam_call_prison/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">A tax scam ringleader impersonating the IRS just got sent down for 20 years</span></strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
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<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">The man who headed an international criminal call center racket that conned Americans into handing over tens of millions of dollars in the belief they were being chased for money by the US government has been jailed for 20 years. The con artists ran a complex scheme in which employees from call centers in Ahmedabad, India, impersonated officials from the IRS and US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Their victims were threatened with arrest, imprisonment, fines or deportation if they did not pay money allegedly owed to the government.</td>
</tr>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/cybercriminals%E2%80%99-favourite-vpn-taken-down-in-global-action#:~:text=The%20virtual%20private%20network%20(VPN,agencies%20from%20around%20the%20world."><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Cybercriminal&#8217;s favourite VPN taken down in global action</strong></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">The virtual private network (VPN) Safe-Inet used by the world’s foremost cybercriminals has been taken down in a coordinated law enforcement action led by Europol and the FBI. Its infrastructure was seized in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, France and the United States. The servers were taken down, and a splash page was put up online after the domain seizures.</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 89px; text-align: left; border: 0px solid #21a6a6;" colspan="2">
<h1><strong>Vulnerability watch</strong></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17095"><strong>CVE-2020-17095</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Hyper-V Remote Code Execution Vulnerability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff;">
<td style="width: 100%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score: 9.9 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>It is a bug that could allow an attacker to escalate privileges from code execution in a Hyper-V guest to code execution on the Hyper-V host by passing invalid vSMB packet data. It appears that no special permissions are needed on the guest OS to exploit this vulnerability.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17132"><strong>CVE-2020-17132</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #21a6a6;"><b><u><strong>Microsoft Exchange Remote Code Execution Vulnerability</strong></u></b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 23px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 9.1 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>Microsoft doesn’t provide an attack scenario here but does note that the attacker needs to be authenticated. This indicates that if you take over someone’s mailbox, you can take over the entire Exchange server.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17121"><strong>CVE-2020-17121</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Microsoft SharePoint Remote Code Execution Vulnerability</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 119px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 8.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>It could allow an authenticated user to execute arbitrary .NET code on an affected server in the context of the SharePoint Web Application service account. In its default configuration, authenticated SharePoint users are able to create sites that provide all of the necessary permissions that are prerequisites for launching an attack.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/01/cert-w-newsletter-december-2020-risk-insight/">CERT-W Newsletter December 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>CERT-W Newsletter Novembre 2020</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/12/cert-w-newsletter-novembre-2020/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2020 08:00:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cybercriminalité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicateurs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vulnérabilités]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=14793</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Indicateurs du mois TOP ATTACK LE GOUVERNEMENT BRESILIEN SE REMET DE LEUR &#8220;PIRE&#8221; ATTAQUE Après avoir été touché, le 3 novembre, par la plus sévère de toutes les attaques orchestrées contre une institution publique brésilienne, le Tribunal Supreme de Justice...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/12/cert-w-newsletter-novembre-2020/">CERT-W Newsletter Novembre 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="post-14795 media-14795" class="align-center"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-14795" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/novembre.png" alt="" width="1278" height="402" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/novembre.png 1278w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/novembre-437x137.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/novembre-71x22.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/novembre-768x242.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1278px) 100vw, 1278px" /></figure>
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<h1><strong>Indicateurs du mois</strong></h1>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 48px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 48px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/brazilian-government-recovers-from-worst-ever-cyberattack/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>LE GOUVERNEMENT BRESILIEN SE REMET DE LEUR &#8220;PIRE&#8221; ATTAQUE</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Après avoir été touché, le 3 novembre, par la plus sévère de toutes les attaques orchestrées contre une institution publique brésilienne, le Tribunal Supreme de Justice (STJ en portugais) a enfin réussi à remettre ses systèmes en état de marche. La Cour avait dû suspendre toutes ces sessions pendant quelques jours et ensuite fonctionner de manière limitée jusqu’au 20 novembre. Le logiciel de rançon aurait reposé sur une vulnérabilité découverte lors d&#8217;un <a style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;" href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/11/09/tianfu_cup/">compétition cybersécurité chinois</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">e réalisé avec le concours d’éditeurs logiciels.</span></td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP RANSOM</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.lemagit.fr/actualites/252492731/Ransomware-le-groupe-Egregor-revendique-la-cyberattaque-sur-Ouest-France"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">EGREGOR REVENDIQUE LE RANSOMWARE SUR OUEST-FRANCE</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 10px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Le groupe SIPA-Ouest France, avec sa filiale Publihebdos, a été frappé par un <a style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;" href="https://whatis.techtarget.com/fr/definition/Rancongiciel">ransomware</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">, dans la nuit du 20 au 21 novembre. Le groupe aux commandes du ransomware Egregor vient de revendiquer l’opération, diffusant au passage une première archive de 90 Mo.</span></td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>TOP EXPLOIT</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://threatpost.com/gitpaste-12-worm-linux-servers-iot-devices/161016/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>LE VER GITPASTE-12 VISE LES SERVEURS LINUX ET DISPOSITIF IOT</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 37px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Des chercheurs en sécurité ont découvert un nouveau ver et botnet appelé Gitpaste-12, nommé ainsi en raison de son utilisation de GitHub et Pastebin pour héberger ses scripts malveillants et des 12 vulnérabilités connues qu&#8217;il exploite pour compromettre les systèmes.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP LEAK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 21px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://threatpost.com/millions-hotel-guests-worldwide-data-leak/161044/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>IMPORTANTE FUITE DE DONNEES DANS LE MILIEU DE L&#8217;HOTELERIE</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 35px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Plusieurs plateformes de réservation d&#8217;hôtel largement utilisée (dont Booking.com et Expedia) ont exposé 10 millions de fichiers relatifs aux clients de divers hôtels dans le monde. Pour cause : un bucket S3 d&#8217;Amazon Web Services mal configuré. L&#8217;incident a affecté 24,4 Go de données, exposant les voyageurs au vol d&#8217;identité, à l’escroquerie et à la fraude à la carte de crédit, selon l&#8217;équipe de sécurité de Website Planet, qui a découvert le bucket.</td>
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<h1><strong>Veille sur la cybercriminalité</strong></h1>
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<td style="width: 1.41643%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://krebsonsecurity.com/2020/11/two-charged-in-sim-swapping-vishing-scams/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>DEUX AMERICAINS ACCUSES DE SIM SWAPPING ET VISHING SCAMS</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 1.41643%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Deux jeunes américains ont été accusés d&#8217;usurpation d&#8217;identité et de complot pour avoir prétendument volé des comptes de bitcoin et de réseaux sociaux en incitant par la ruse des employés de sociétés de téléphonie mobile à donner les justificatifs d&#8217;identité nécessaires pour accéder à distance aux informations sur les comptes des clients et les modifier.</td>
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<td style="width: 1.41643%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-le-ransomware-newregret-chiffre-les-machines-virtuelles-windows-80938.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">LE RANCONGICIEL NEWREGRET S&#8217;ATTAQUE AUX MACHINES VIRTUELLES WINDOWS</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; width: 1.41643%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Ce nouveau malware permet le chiffrement des disques virtuels qui ne sont habituellement pas chiffrés par les rançongiciels car trop volumineux. Pour ce faire, le malware utilise 3 fonctions de l’API Windows Virtual Storage afin de monter le disque et lancer le chiffrement des fichiers qu’il contient.</td>
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<td style="width: 1.41643%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://threatpost.com/ragnar-locker-ransomware-facebook-ads/161133/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>NOUVELLE TECHNIQUE DU RANSOMWARE RAGNAR LOCKER : PRESSION PAR CAMPAGNE DE PUBLICITE FACEBOOK</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 10px; text-align: left; width: 1.41643%;" colspan="2">Le groupe Ragnar Locker a décidé d’intensifier la pression sur sa dernière victime en date, le conglomérat italien Campari, en publiant sur Facebook des publicités menaçant de rendre publiques les 2 To de données sensibles volées lors de l’attaque du 3 novembre, à moins qu&#8217;une rançon de 15 millions de dollars ne soit versée en Bitcoin.</td>
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<td style="width: 1.41643%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/microsoft-les-fabricants-de-vaccins-sont-vises-par-des-pirates-informatiques-39912965.htm"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>UNE VAGUE D&#8217;ATTAQUE DE TYPE RANSOMWARE CIBLANT L&#8217;INDUSTRIE PHARMACEUTIQUE ET HOPITAUX</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 10px; text-align: left; width: 1.41643%;" colspan="2">Microsoft affirme avoir détecté trois opérations de piratage informatique soutenues par des Etats (également désignées par le terme d&#8217;APT ayant lancé des cyberattaques contre au moins sept sociétés impliquées dans la recherche et l’élaboration des vaccins COVID-19. Ces attaques s&#8217;inscrivent dans une longue série d&#8217;incidents qui ont visé des organismes de santé au cours de ces derniers mois. Pendant la crise sanitaire, les groupes de cybercriminels ont profité de la crise mondiale pour accroître leur activité, ciblant parfois les organisations qui étaient censées contribuer à la lutte contre cette pandémie comme le dénonce ce bulletin d’alerte publié conjointement par le FBI, le CISA et le HHS. Pour le consulter cliquer <a style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;" href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/AA20-302A_Ransomware%20_Activity_Targeting_the_Healthcare_and_Public_Health_Sector.pdf">ici</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">.</span></td>
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<h1><strong>Veille sur les vulnérabilités</strong></h1>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17051"><strong>CVE-2020-17051</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>VULNÉRABILITÉ D&#8217;EXECUTION DE CODE A DISTANCE DANS LE SYSTEME DE GESTION DE FICHIERS EN RESEAU DE WINDOWS</strong></span></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 9.8 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>Une vulnérabilité critique dans le serveur Windows NFSv3 (Network File System). Elle peut être reproduite pour provoquer un BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) immédiat dans le nfssvr.sys driver.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17087"><strong>CVE-2020-17087</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #21a6a6;"><b><u>VULNÉRABILITÉ D&#8217;ELEVATION DE PRIVILEGES AU NIVEAU LOCAL DU NOYAU WINDOWS</u></b></span></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 7.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>Cette élévation de privilèges permet a un attaquant ayant déjà compromis un premier compte non privilégié, d’obtenir les privilèges administrateur.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-3556"><strong>CVE-2020-3556</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>CISCO ANYCONNECT VPN ZERO-DAY</strong></span></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 119px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 7.3 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>Une vulnérabilité dans l’interprocess communication canal (IPC) du Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client Software pourrait permettre à un attaquant local authentifié d&#8217;amener un utilisateur AnyConnect ciblé à exécuter un script malveillant.</td>
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<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/12/cert-w-newsletter-novembre-2020/">CERT-W Newsletter Novembre 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>CERT-W Newsletter November 2020</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/12/cert-w-newsletter-november-2020-risk-insight/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2020 08:00:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybersecurity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=14783</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Monthly indicators TOP ATTACK Brazilian government recovers from &#8220;worst-ever&#8221; cyberattack After suffering the most severe cyberattack ever orchestrated against a Brazilian public sector institution on the 3rd , the Superior Electoral Court (STJ, in the Portuguese acronym) has managed to...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/12/cert-w-newsletter-november-2020-risk-insight/">CERT-W Newsletter November 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="post-14786 media-14786" class="align-center"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-14786 alignnone" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/nov.png" alt="" width="981" height="311" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/nov.png 1269w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/nov-437x139.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/nov-71x23.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/nov-768x244.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 981px) 100vw, 981px" /></figure>
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<h1><strong>Monthly indicators</strong></h1>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 48px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 48px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/brazilian-government-recovers-from-worst-ever-cyberattack/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Brazilian government recovers from &#8220;worst-ever&#8221; cyberattack</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">After suffering the most severe cyberattack ever orchestrated against a Brazilian public sector institution on the 3<sup style="font-family: inherit;">rd</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> , the </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">Superior Electoral Court</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> (STJ, in the Portuguese acronym) has managed to get its systems back up and running. The Court had to suspend all STJ sessions for a few days and then operate with limited functionality for urgent cases until the systems were fully re-established in November 20. The ransomware would have relied on a vulnerability discovered during a </span><a style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;" href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/11/09/tianfu_cup/">Chinese hacking competition</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">.</span></td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.lemagit.fr/actualites/252492731/Ransomware-le-groupe-Egregor-revendique-la-cyberattaque-sur-Ouest-France"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">The Egregor ransomware disrupts the distribution of the daily &#8220;Ouest France&#8221;</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 10px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Ouest-France, <strong>the leading French daily</strong> by its distribution, will publish only one edition of its Sunday newspaper, against ten usually, after being the victim of the <strong>Egregor ransomware</strong> in the night from 20th to 21st of November.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>TOP EXPLOIT</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/new-gitpaste-12-botnet-exploits-12-known-vulnerabilities/d/d-id/1339401?_mc=rss_x_drr_edt_aud_dr_x_x-rss-simple"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>GitPaste-12 worm targets Linux servers, IoT devices</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 37px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Security researchers have discovered a new worm and botnet dubbed Gitpaste-12, named for <strong>its usage of GitHub and Pastebin </strong>to host component code and the <strong>12 known vulnerabilities</strong> it exploits to compromise systems.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP LEAK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 21px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://threatpost.com/millions-hotel-guests-worldwide-data-leak/161044/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Millions of hotel worldwide caught up in mass data leak</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 35px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Widely used hotel reservation platforms (including Booking.com and Expedia) has <strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">exposed 10 million files</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> related to guests at various hotels around the world, thanks to </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">a misconfigured Amazon Web Services S3 bucket</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">. The incident has affected </span><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">24.4 GB worth of data in total</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">, threating travellers with identity theft, scams, credit-card fraud and vacation-stealing, according to the security team at Website Planet, which uncovered the bucket. </span></td>
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<h1><strong>Cybercrime watch</strong></h1>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://krebsonsecurity.com/2020/11/two-charged-in-sim-swapping-vishing-scams/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Two charged in SIM swapping, vishing scams</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Two young men from the eastern united states have been hit <strong>with identity theft and conspiracy charges</strong> for allegedly stealing bitcoin and social media accounts by tricking employees at wireless phone companies into giving away credentials needed to remotely access and modify customer account information.</td>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://blog.malwarebytes.com/ransomware/2020/11/regretlocker-new-ransomware-can-encrypt-windows-virtual-hard-disks/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">New Regret Locker ransomware targets Windows Virtual Machines</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">A new ransomware called Regret Locker was discovered in October. It may be a simple ransomware in terms of appearance, but it makes up for in advanced features. In fact, Regret Locker uses an <strong>interesting technique of mounting a virtual disk file</strong> so each of its files can be encrypted individually.</td>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://threatpost.com/ragnar-locker-ransomware-facebook-ads/161133/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Ragnar Locker ransomware gang takes out Facebook ads in key tactic</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">The Ragnar Locker ransomware group has decided to ratchet up the pressure on its latest high-profile victim, Italian liquor conglomerate <strong>Campari</strong>, by taking out Facebook ads threatening to release the <strong>2TB</strong> of sensitive data it stole in a Nov. 3 attack – unless <strong>a $15 million ransom is paid in Bitcoin.</strong></td>
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<td style="width: 1.00503%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/AA20-302A_Ransomware _Activity_Targeting_the_Healthcare_and_Public_Health_Sector.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Ransomware Activity targeting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left; width: 1.00503%;" colspan="2">CISA, FBI, and HHS have credible information of an <strong>increased and imminent cybercrime threat to U.S. hospitals and healthcare providers</strong>. CISA, FBI, and HHS are sharing this information to provide warning to healthcare providers to ensure that they take timely and reasonable precautions to protect their networks from these threats.</td>
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<h1><strong>Vulnerability watch</strong></h1>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17051"><strong>CVE-2020-17051</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>Remote kernel heap overflow in NFSv3 Windows Server</strong></span></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score: 9.8 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>A critical vulnerability in the Windows NFSv3 (Network File System) server. NFS is typically used in heterogenous environments of Windows and Unix/Linux for file sharing. The vulnerability can be reproduced to cause an immediate BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) within the nfssvr.sys driver.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17087"><strong>CVE-2020-17087</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #21a6a6;"><b><u><strong>Windows Kernel Local Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability</strong></u></b></span></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 7.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>A privilege escalation flaw that would allow an attacker who has already compromised a less powerful user account on a system to gain administrative control. In essence, it would have to be chained with another exploit.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-3556"><strong>CVE-2020-3556</strong></a></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>CISCO AnyConnect VPN Zero-Day</strong></span></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 119px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 7.3 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>A vulnerability in the interprocess communication (IPC) channel of Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to cause a targeted AnyConnect user to execute a malicious script. The vulnerability is due to a lack of authentication to the IPC listener. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted IPC messages to the AnyConnect client IPC listener.</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/12/cert-w-newsletter-november-2020-risk-insight/">CERT-W Newsletter November 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>CERT-W Newsletter October 2020</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/11/cert-w-newsletter-october-2020/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2020 08:00:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=14591</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Monthly indicators TOP ATTACK SOPRA STERIA HIT BY NEW VERSION OF RYUK RANSOMWARE French IT giant Sopra Steria was hit with a cyber-attack that disrupted the business of the firm. The virus has been identified: it is a new version...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/11/cert-w-newsletter-october-2020/">CERT-W Newsletter October 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14582" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Image-1-4.png" alt="" width="1263" height="395" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Image-1-4.png 1263w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Image-1-4-437x137.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Image-1-4-71x22.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Image-1-4-768x240.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1263px) 100vw, 1263px" /></p>
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<h1><strong>Monthly indicators</strong></h1>
</td>
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<tr style="border-color: #ffffff; height: 48px;">
<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 48px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP ATTACK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 48px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.soprasteria.com/newsroom/press-releases/details/cyberattack-information-update"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>SOPRA STERIA HIT BY NEW VERSION OF RYUK RANSOMWARE</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 10px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">French IT giant Sopra Steria was hit with a cyber-attack that disrupted the business of the firm. The virus has been identified: it is a new version of the Ryuk ransomware, previously unknown to antivirus software providers and security agencies. Fortunately, according to Guillaume POUPARD, ANSSI’s managing director, the attack was foiled.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP RANSOM</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://threatpost.com/software-ag-data-clop-ransomware/160042/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">SOFTWARE AG DATA RELEASED AFTER CLOP RANSOMWARE STRIKE</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 10px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">The <strong>Clop</strong> group attacked Software AG, a German conglomerate with operations in more than <strong>70 countries</strong>, threatening to dump stolen data if the whopping <strong>$23 million ransom</strong> isn’t paid.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>TOP EXPLOIT</strong></span></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://threatpost.com/3-month-apple-hack-vulnerabilities-critical/159988/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>WORMABLE APPLE ICLOUD BUG ALLOWS AUTOMATIC PHOTO THEFT</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 37px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">As part of Apple’s Security Bounty, a group of ethical hackers discovered <strong>55 vulnerabilities</strong>, earning <strong>$300,000</strong>. Some of the more interesting vulnerabilities abled wormable stored <strong>Cross-Site Scripting</strong> and <strong>command injection</strong>. Here is the <a href="https://samcurry.net/hacking-apple/"><strong>link</strong></a> to an extensive blog post detailing the team’s findings.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>TOP LEAK</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 21px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/cybercriminals-extort-psychotherapy-patients-following-vastaamo-breach/d/d-id/1339280?_mc=rss_x_drr_edt_aud_dr_x_x-rss-simple"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>VASTAAMO BREACH: HACKERS BLACKMAILING PSYCHOTHERAPY PATIENTS</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 35px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Cybercriminals have hacked the systems of psychotherapy giant <strong>Vastaamo</strong>, and are now reaching out to therapy patients, threatening to dump their patient files if they do not pay a ransom. They have already reportedly posted <strong>the details of 300 Vastaamo patients</strong>.</td>
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<h1><strong>Cybercrime watch</strong></h1>
</td>
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<td style="width: 0.947867%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/us-treasury-sanctions-russian-institution-linked-to-triton-malware/d/d-id/1339265?_mc=rss_x_drr_edt_aud_dr_x_x-rss-simple"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>US TREASURY SANCTIONS RUSSIAN INSTITUTION LINKED TO TRITON MALWARE</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 0.947867%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Triton, also known as TRISIS and HatMan, was developed to target and <strong>manipulate industrial control systems</strong>, the US Treasury reports<strong>.</strong> The US Department of the Treasury&#8217;s Office of Foreign Assets Control has sanctioned a Russian government research institution connected to the Triton malware.</td>
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<td style="width: 0.947867%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://threatpost.com/doj-charges-6-sandworm-apt-members-in-notpetya-cyberattacks/160304/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #21a6a6; text-decoration: underline;">US DOJ CHARGES 6 SANDWORM APT MEMBERS IN NOTPETYA CYBERATTACK</span></strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; width: 0.947867%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2">The Department of Justice (DOJ) announced charges against <strong>six Russian nationals</strong> who are allegedly tied to the Sandworm APT. The threat group is believed to have launched several high-profile cyberattacks over the past few years – including the destructive NotPetya cyberattack that <a href="https://threatpost.com/notpetya-linked-to-industroyer-attack-on-ukraine-energy-grid/138287/">targeted hundreds of firms and hospitals worldwide in 2017.</a></td>
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<td style="width: 0.947867%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><a href="https://thedfirreport.com/2020/11/05/ryuk-speed-run-2-hours-to-ransom/"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>RYUK RANSOMWARE GANG USES ZEROLOGON BUG FOR LIGHTNING-FAST ATTACK</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 0.947867%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 10px; text-align: left;" colspan="2">The gang behind the Ryuk ransomware has added a new tool to their arsenal, which allowed them to significantly <strong>decrease the time needed to fully encrypt the target system to 2 hours</strong>. For more information concerning exploits of the <strong>Zerologon</strong> vulnerability click <a href="https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/10/29/attacks-exploiting-netlogon-vulnerability-cve-2020-1472/">here</a>.</td>
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<h1><strong>Vulnerability watch</strong></h1>
</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>CVE-2020-5135</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5135"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>CRITICAL VULNERABILITY ALLOWS HACKERS TO DISRUPT SONICWALL FIREWALLS</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 9.8 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>A buffer overflow vulnerability in SonicOS allows a remote attacker to cause Denial of Service (DoS) and potentially execute arbitrary code by sending a malicious request to the firewall.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 23px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>CVE-2020-16898</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 23px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5135"><span style="color: #21a6a6;"><b><u>WINDOWS TCP/IP REMOTE CODE EXECUTION VULNERABILITY</u></b></span></a></td>
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<td style="height: 23px; width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 8.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>A remote code execution vulnerability exists when the Windows TCP/IP stack improperly handles ICMPv6 Router Advertisement packets. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could gain the ability to execute code on the target server or client.</td>
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<td style="width: 20.027%; height: 21px; border: 4px solid #21a6a6; text-align: center;"><strong>CVE-2020-16947</strong></td>
<td style="width: 79.973%; height: 21px; border-color: #ffffff; text-align: left;"><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5135"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #21a6a6;"><strong>MICROSOFT OUTLOOK REMOTE CODE EXECUTION VULNERABILITY</strong></span></a></td>
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<td style="width: 100%; border-color: #ffffff; height: 119px; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><strong>CVSS score : 8.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft Outlook software when the software fails to properly handle objects in memory, aka &#8216;Microsoft Outlook Remote Code Execution Vulnerability&#8217;.</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/11/cert-w-newsletter-october-2020/">CERT-W Newsletter October 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Review of the current news by CERT-W &#8211; September 2020</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/10/review-of-the-current-news-by-cert-w-september-2020/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2020 07:43:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercriminality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=14354</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Indicators of the month Top attack &#8211; French shipping giant CMA CGM hit by ransomware cyber attack CMA CGM announces that it has been affected by a ransomware attack, which disabled its reservation system and affected some of its Chinese...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/10/review-of-the-current-news-by-cert-w-september-2020/">Review of the current news by CERT-W &#8211; September 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12838" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1.png" alt="" width="1021" height="295" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1.png 1021w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1-437x126.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1-71x21.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1-768x222.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1021px) 100vw, 1021px" /></p>
<h2>Indicators of the month</h2>
<h3>Top attack &#8211; <a href="https://www.porttechnology.org/news/cma-cgm-emerges-from-cyber-attack/">French shipping giant CMA CGM hit by ransomware cyber attack</a></h3>
<p>CMA CGM announces that it has been affected by a ransomware attack, which <strong>disabled its reservation system</strong> and affected some of its <strong>Chinese offices. The RagnarLocker gang</strong> reportedly asked the company to contact them within two days &#8220;via a live chat and pay for a special decryption key&#8221;. In a statement, the company said it had shut all external accesses to their network and computer applications as a precautionary measure and that <strong>the group’s information system was gradually resuming.</strong></p>
<h3>Top exploit &#8211; <a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/09/new-windows-exploit-lets-you-instantly-become-admin-have-you-patched/">Microsoft warns of attackers now exploiting “Zerologon”</a><a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/09/new-windows-exploit-lets-you-instantly-become-admin-have-you-patched/"> flaw</a></h3>
<p>Microsoft&#8217;s Security Intelligence team says it&#8217;s monitoring new attacks that employ public exploits of the recently patched CVE-2020-1472 Netlogon EoP vulnerability, aka Zerologon. The vulnerability carries a <strong>critical severity rating</strong> from Microsoft as well as a maximum of 10 under the Common Vulnerability Scoring System as it lets anyone with a network toehold obtain domain-controller password.</p>
<h3>Top leak &#8211; <a href="https://www.theregister.com/2020/09/23/microsoft_leaks_over_65tb_bing/">Microsoft leaks 6.5TB in Bing search data via unsecured elastic server</a></h3>
<p>Microsoft earlier this month exposed a 6.5TB Elastic server to the world <strong>that included search terms, location coordinates, device ID data, and a partial list of which URLs were visited.</strong> According to a report from cyber-security outfit WizCase, the server was password-protected until around 10 September, when “the authentication was removed”.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Cybercrime watch</h2>
<h3><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-259a">US CISA report shares details on web shells used by iranian</a><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-259a"> hackers</a></h3>
<p>The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) released a malware analysis report (MAR) that includes technical details about web shells employed by Iranian hackers. According to the CISA’s report, Iranian hackers from an unnamed APT group are employing several known web shells, in <strong>attacks on IT, government, healthcare, financial, and insurance organizations</strong> across the United States. The malware used by the threat actors includes the <strong>ChunkyTuna, Tiny, and China Chopper</strong> web shells.</p>
<h3><a href="https://krebsonsecurity.com/2020/09/two-russians-charged-in-17m-cryptocurrency-phishing-spree/">Two Russians charged in $17m cryptocurrency phishing</a><a href="https://krebsonsecurity.com/2020/09/two-russians-charged-in-17m-cryptocurrency-phishing-spree/"> spree</a></h3>
<p>U.S. authorities today announced criminal charges and financial sanctions against two Russian men <strong>accused of stealing nearly $17 million worth of virtual currencies</strong> in a series of phishing attacks throughout 2017 and 2018 that spoofed websites for some of the most popular cryptocurrency exchanges.</p>
<h3><a href="https://threatpost.com/google-chrome-attack/159466/">Google Chrome bugs open browsers to attack</a></h3>
<p>Google’s release of Chrome 85.0.4183.121 for Windows, Mac and Linux fixed <strong>10 vulnerabilities</strong>. The successful exploitation of the most severe of these could <strong>allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code</strong> in the context of the browser, according to Google. Google Chrome versions prior to 85.0.4183.121 are affected.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Vulnerabilities watch</h2>
<h3><a href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2020-1472">CVE-2020-1472 – Netlogon Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability</a></h3>
<p><strong>CVSS score: 10.0 CRITICAL</strong></p>
<p>An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when an attacker establishes a vulnerable Netlogon secure channel connection to a domain controller, using the Netlogon Remote Protocol (MS-NRPC). An attacker who successfully exploited the vulnerability could run a specially crafted application on a device on the network.</p>
<h3><a href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2020-0922">CVE-2020-0922 – Microsoft COM* for Windows Remote Code Execution Vulnerability</a></h3>
<p><strong>CVSS score: 8.8 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that Microsoft COM for Windows handles objects in memory. An attacker who successfully exploited the vulnerability could execute arbitrary code on a target system.</p>
<p><em>*The Microsoft Component Object Model (COM) is a platform-independent, distributed, object-oriented system for creating binary software components that can interact. COM is the foundation technology for Microsoft&#8217;s OLE (compound documents), ActiveX (Internet-enabled components), as well as others.</em></p>
<h3><a href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2020-1380">CVE-2020-1380 – Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability</a></h3>
<p><strong>CVSS score: 7.5 HIGH</strong></p>
<p>A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability could corrupt memory in such a way that an attacker could execute arbitrary code in the context of the current.</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/10/review-of-the-current-news-by-cert-w-september-2020/">Review of the current news by CERT-W &#8211; September 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Review of the current news by CERT-W &#8211; March 2020</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/04/review-of-the-current-news-by-cert-w-march-2020/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2020 09:30:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercrime]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercriminality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[indicators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/?p=12914</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Cybercrime watch The most consequent Patch Tuesday in the history of Patch Tuesday On March, Tuesday 10th, Microsoft has released updates no less than security vulnerabilities, targeting either the Windows operating systems or associated software. 26 of these vulnerabilities are...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/04/review-of-the-current-news-by-cert-w-march-2020/">Review of the current news by CERT-W &#8211; March 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<figure id="post-12838 media-12838" class="align-none"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-12838" src="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1.png" alt="" width="1021" height="295" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1.png 1021w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1-437x126.png 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1-71x21.png 71w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WATCH-1-768x222.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1021px) 100vw, 1021px" /></figure>
<h2>Cybercrime watch</h2>
<h3><a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-march-2020-patch-tuesday-fixes-115-vulnerabilities/">The most consequent Patch Tuesday in the history of Patch Tuesday</a></h3>
<p style="font-weight: 400;">On March, Tuesday 10th, Microsoft has released updates no less than security vulnerabilities, targeting either the Windows operating systems or associated software. 26 of these vulnerabilities are considered &#8220;critical&#8221;, which is the highest level of severity. The exploit of some of them allow remote code execution and takeover of vulnerable assets without user interaction.</p>
<h3><a href="https://threatpost.com/new-mirai-variant-mukashi-targets-zyxel-nas-devices/153982/">Mukashi: the new variant of the famous Mirai botnet is targeting Zyxel NAS</a></h3>
<p>The Mukashi botnet has been found performing bruteforce attacks on random hosts. The botnet is using various combinations of credentials in an attemps to log in and seize control of the asset. It is now targeting the Network Access Storage (NAS) from the Zyxel brand by using the recent CVE-2020-9054, which allows for remote code execution on the 5.21 version of the firmware.</p>
<h3><a href="https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/fbi-warns-of-fake-cdc-emails-in-covid-19-phishing-alert/d/d-id/1337381">Coronavirus is now the most used decoy of all times</a></h3>
<p>During the sanitary crisis linked to COVID-19, the coronavirus has become the most used decoy of all times in phishing attacks. The FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) mentions that it can either be email pretending to offer information on the virus itself, test kits, vaccines. Attackers even go to such length like posing as charities asking for donations.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Vulnerability watch</h2>
<h3><a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-0684">CVE-2020-0684 &#8211; Remote code execution in Microsoft Windows</a></h3>
<p>A new remote code execution vulnerability has been found in the Windows operating system that is triggered when a .LNK file is processed (analyzed or executed). An attacker could gain the same privileges as the local user by exploiting this vulnerability.</p>
<h3><a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-3947">CVE-2020-3946 &#8211; Denial of Service in Vmware Workstation</a></h3>
<p>Some versions of Vmware Workstation and Fusion are exposed to a &#8220;use-after-free&#8221; vulnerability in the vmnetdhcp service. The successful exploit of this vulnerability currently leads to denial of service but could be used in theory to execute arbitrary code.</p>
<h3><a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-10887">CVE-2020-10887 &#8211; Firewall bypass in TP-Link routers</a></h3>
<p>A version of the TP-Link firmware is exposed to firewall bypass. This vulnerability originates from an insufficiant filtering when handling IPv6 SSH connections. It can be exploited without authentication and can even be used to peform privilege escalation and code execution, up to root.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Weekly top</h2>
<h3>The top leak &#8211; <a href="https://threatpost.com/millions-guests-marriott-data-breach-again/154300/">A 5-million record leak of Mariott&#8217;s clients</a></h3>
<p>Cybercriminals have succeeded in obtaining the credentials of two employees on a third-party piece of software used in Mariott resort to provide clients with various services. They used them to access numerous information on Mariott&#8217;s clients, including names, email addresses, phone numbers, etc.<br />
It is the second data leak in 24 months for the brand!</p>
<h3>The top exploit &#8211; <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-0796">CVE-2020-0796 &#8211; Remote code execution vulnerability in the SMB protocol</a></h3>
<p>SMB is a network protocol used for file sharing, printers, and for other network purposes. The Microsoft SMB 3.1.1 (SMBv3) is suject to a vulnerability in the way it handles some requests. Unauthenticated attackers can use this vulnerability to remotely execute code on SMB servers as well as clients.</p>
<h3>The top attack &#8211; <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/czech-hospital-hit-by-cyber-attack-while-in-the-midst-of-a-covid-19-outbreak/">One of the largest Czech hospital hit by a cyberattack</a></h3>
<p>The Brno university hospital in Czech Republic has been hit by a major cyberattack in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak. It has been forced to shut down all IT equipment and information system. Consequently, surgical procedures have been rescheduled and newly infected patients transferred to other hospitals.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Software version watch</h2>
<table style="border-style: solid; border-color: #000000;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Software</strong></td>
<td><strong>Current version</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Adobe Flash Player</td>
<td><a href="https://get.adobe.com/fr/flashplayer/">32.0.0.344</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Adobe Acrobat Reader DC</td>
<td><a href="https://get.adobe.com/fr/reader/">2020.006.20042</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Java</td>
<td><a href="https://java.com/fr/download/">Version 8 Update 241</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla Firefox</td>
<td><a href="https://www.mozilla.org/fr/firefox/new/">74.0</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Google Chrome</td>
<td><a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/browser/desktop/index.html">80.0.3987.163</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VirtualBox</td>
<td><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads">6.1.4</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CCleaner</td>
<td><a href="https://www.piriform.com/ccleaner/download/standard">5.65.7632</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2020/04/review-of-the-current-news-by-cert-w-march-2020/">Review of the current news by CERT-W &#8211; March 2020</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Défense active : répondre activement aux attaques cybercriminelles</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2015/07/defense-active-repondre-activement-aux-attaques-cybercriminelles/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Benoît Marion]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2015 16:06:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyberattaque]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[défense active]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=8029</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>La défense active est un concept visant à établir une stratégie de défense permettant de réduire voire stopper les attaques sans se limiter à subir sur le périmètre de son propre SI. Les actions de réponse active peuvent prendre la...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2015/07/defense-active-repondre-activement-aux-attaques-cybercriminelles/">Défense active : répondre activement aux attaques cybercriminelles</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>La défense active est un concept visant à établir une stratégie de défense permettant de réduire voire stopper les attaques sans se limiter à subir sur le périmètre de son propre SI. Les actions de réponse active peuvent prendre la forme de mesures interagissant avec l’attaquant pour leurrer ou collecter des informations sur celui-ci, et pourrait aller, (<a href="http://www.wired.com/2014/10/microsoft-pinkerton/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">même si cela est sujet à controverses</a> et se situe dans une zone grise juridique) jusqu’à contre-attaquer pour piéger les attaquants.</em></p>
<h2>Un besoin de défense active …</h2>
<p>Aujourd’hui, des attaques de plus en plus sophistiquées touchent tous les secteurs d’activité et ciblent des organisations spécifiques en utilisant des techniques toujours plus complexes. Ces attaques visent à contourner le périmètre de défense existant, mais également à persister sur le SI cible sans déclencher immédiatement l’attaque. Ainsi, l’attaquant améliore sa connaissance de la cible depuis l’intérieur pour lancer ensuite une attaque aux conséquences importantes pour les métiers (vols de données, destruction du SI, usurpation d’identité…).</p>
<p>L’exemple le plus marquant reste l’attaque Carbanak/Anunak, qui a visé plus d’une centaine d’établissements bancaires. Les attaquants se sont introduits discrètement dans le système via du <em>spear phishing</em> (mail malveillant ciblé et personnalisé) puis une série de rebonds. Ils s’y sont ensuite maintenus sur le long terme, observant patiemment les actions des opérateurs bancaires pendant plus d’un mois et demi. Les systèmes de surveillance des banques n’ont pas repéré les traces de persistance laissées par les attaquants, qui ont veillé à rester en dessous des seuils de détection. Une fois les procédures internes des banques identifiées, les attaquants ont pu détourner lentement mais sûrement plusieurs dizaines de millions de dollars.</p>
<p>Les stratégies traditionnelles de défense passive inspirées du modèle du château fort, c’est à dire visant à se protéger (fermeture des flux, antivirus, IPS, etc.), ne suffisent plus à elles seules, et ne sont pas adaptées pour répondre à ce type de menaces.</p>
<p>Il est ainsi devenu nécessaire d’accepter le caractère inévitable de l’intrusion et se préparer à y faire face. Dans cette optique, la défense active vise à détecter puis réduire l’efficacité ou supprimer une attaque.</p>
<h2>… pour 3 niveaux d’intervention</h2>
<p>En fonction de la portée des moyens utilisés par l’attaquant, on peut identifier plusieurs niveaux de réponse active :</p>
<h3>1)     Répondre avec les moyens propres de l’entreprise</h3>
<p>Les actions de réponse active visent ici à tromper l’attaquant ou encore le désinformer et collecter des informations sur ses méthodes.</p>
<p>Dans un premier temps, pour analyser les actions des attaquants de façon proactive on pourra utiliser des serveurs honeypot, qui simulent des serveurs d’importance accessibles afin d’y attirer les attaquants et de les surveiller, ou encore des clients honeypot, des clients volontairement vulnérables pour détecter les tentatives d’attaques telles que le waterholing ou le drivebydownload en les faisant naviguer sur les sites visités par les collaborateurs de l’entreprise.</p>
<p>Dans un second temps, pour duper et/ou ralentir l’attaquant on pourra renvoyer de fausses informations sur le système d’exploitation lorsque l’attaquant lance des scans, ou encore simuler de faux services (en utilisant <em><a href="http://portspoof.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Portspoof</a> par exemple</em> pour simuler des ports ouverts et des services factices capables d’interagir avec l’attaquant).</p>
<p>L’augmentation du temps de réponse de certains services par l’utilisation de techniques de type « <em>tarpit » (seau de goudron)</em> permet de gêner l’attaquant sans impacter les utilisateurs légitimes. De plus, on peut réduire la fenêtre d’attaque en restaurant régulièrement les serveurs web dans un état propre connu (<em><a href="http://cs.gmu.edu/~asood/scit/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SCIT server</a><a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3"></a></em>) de sorte à réduire la fenêtre de temps durant laquelle l’attaquant peut compromettre le serveur.</p>
<p>Dans le but d’épuiser les ressources et la motivation de l’attaquant, on pourra le tromper avec de fausses vulnérabilités sur un serveur web. Enfin, bloquer les adresses IP tentant d’appeler des ports inhabituels (<em><a href="https://github.com/trustedsec/artillery" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artillery</a><a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4"></a></em>) jugulera ses manœuvres d’expansion dans le réseau.</p>
<p>La défense active permet ainsi de comprendre les attaques, de les ralentir et d’épuiser les ressources de l’attaquant. Les informations ainsi obtenues permettent d’adapter et d’optimiser les moyens de défense traditionnels pour bloquer les attaques plus efficacement.</p>
<h3>2)     Intervenir sur les moyens entre la cible et l’attaquant</h3>
<p>Dans la chaîne de communication utilisée par les attaquants se trouvent un certain nombre d’acteurs : des FAI, des tiers compromis par l’attaquant, des hébergeurs, des noms de domaines malveillants, etc.</p>
<p>Il est possible d’intervenir sur les moyens intermédiaires utilisés par l’attaquant pour juguler l’attaque, en prenant contact avec les acteurs en charge de ces moyens. On pourra par exemple contacter les FAI en cas d’attaque DDoS, pour filtrer le trafic avant l’arrivée sur le SI de l’entreprise ou encore faire saisir les noms de domaines par décision de justice (par exemple pour démanteler un botnet).</p>
<p>On pourra également contacter un hébergeur pour faire fermer un site malveillant ou faire disparaitre le trafic en amont avec du DNS Sinkholing (faire pointer le trafic malveillant vers un domaine inexistant).</p>
<p>Ces actions permettent à la fois d’obtenir des informations de façon indirecte sur l’attaquant (compte utilisé pour acheter un nom de domaine malveillant, etc.) mais aussi de le ralentir et de le contrarier dans ses plans. De plus, elles doivent être anticipées &#8211; si possible &#8211; en créant des réseaux de contacts auprès des principaux fournisseurs ou équipes de réponse à incident, en particulier pour pouvoir agir rapidement à l’étranger.</p>
<h3>3)     Contre-attaquer directement chez l’attaquant</h3>
<p>Il est à noter que ce type de réponse est identifié comme illégal en France par la loi Godfrain de 1988 et plus particulièrement par les articles 323-1 et suivant du Code pénal traitant des atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de données.</p>
<p>Il est cependant intéressant de mentionner ces méthodes car elles peuvent être utilisées par d’autres pays où elles sont autorisées mais également par les forces de l’ordre dans un certain nombre de cas bien particuliers.</p>
<p>On peut distinguer deux types de réponse dans ce troisième niveau :</p>
<ul>
<li>les actions de réponse visant à recueillir des informations sur l’attaquant ;</li>
<li>les actions de réponse visant à rendre inopérant les systèmes d’attaque directement chez le cybercriminel.</li>
</ul>
<p>Dans le premier type de réponse on pourra mentionner l’envoi de fichiers « piégés », des fichiers balisés, capables de renvoyer un <em>beacon</em> dès lors que celui-ci est ouvert/copié dans un endroit inhabituel ou utiliser des failles de sécurité chez l’attaquant pour prendre le contrôle du serveur de commande et de contrôle (C&amp;C) et identifier les données exfiltrées.</p>
<p>Dans le second type de réponse on peut penser à injecter du code malveillant dans un fichier exfiltré par l’attaquant et par la suite détruire logiquement ses systèmes, ou encore tenter de viser sa bande passante par un DoS ciblé. Finalement on peut envisager autant de scénarios que de canaux d’attaques.</p>
<p>Ces méthodes doivent être manipulées par les autorités compétentes afin de se conformer aux exigences légales.</p>
<p>Pour conclure, les mesures de défense active ne se résument pas uniquement à contre-attaquer directement mais bien à se doter de moyens permettant de mieux comprendre, détecter et réagir aux attaques. En complément des stratégies traditionnelles de défense, l’importance de la réponse active se révèle aujourd’hui un sujet en plein développement dans les équipes de réponse à incident les plus avancées. Le paradigme à garder en tête reste inchangé : toujours avoir un coup d’avance !</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2015/07/defense-active-repondre-activement-aux-attaques-cybercriminelles/">Défense active : répondre activement aux attaques cybercriminelles</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Sommes-nous entrés dans l’ère des cyberguerres ?</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2015/04/sommes-nous-entres-dans-lere-des-cyberguerres/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Felix.d@hlab]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2015 17:21:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyberattaque]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SI industriel]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=7591</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>C’est une réalité : depuis le début du XXIème siècle, le cyberespace est devenu le théâtre d’intenses affrontements virtuels. La Chine et la Russie sont suspectées de dérober régulièrement des secrets industriels et militaires en Europe et aux États-Unis, alors...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2015/04/sommes-nous-entres-dans-lere-des-cyberguerres/">Sommes-nous entrés dans l’ère des cyberguerres ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>C’est une réalité : depuis le début du XXIème siècle, le cyberespace est devenu le théâtre d’intenses affrontements virtuels. La Chine et la Russie sont suspectées de dérober régulièrement des secrets industriels et militaires en Europe et aux États-Unis, alors que ces derniers espionnent la planète entière, y-compris parfois leurs propres alliés.</em><br />
<em>Serions-nous donc entrés dans l’ère des cyberguerres ? Ce terme souvent exagéré est de plus en plus employé par les médias. Mais correspond-il vraiment à la réalité d’aujourd’hui ?</em></p>
<h2>Indubitablement, nous sommes entrés dans l’ère des cyberconflits</h2>
<p>Les incidents cyber ont beaucoup occupé l’espace médiatique ces dernières semaines.<br />
Le <a href="http://pro.01net.com/editorial/634154/comment-limiter-les-risques-lors-d-une-attaque-comme-celle-subie-par-sony-face-aux-attaques-comme-celle-qu-a-subi-sony-cette-semaine-la-communaute-de-la-cybersecurite-a-parfois-le-sentiment-d-etre-desarme-explique-gerome-billois-manager-securit/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">piratage de Sony</a> a pour sa part marqué un tournant dans la portée des attaques informatiques. Celui-ci a détruit la quasi-totalité du système d’information de l’entreprise et a contraint ses employés à revenir au papier et au crayon pour travailler. Une vaste partie des données internes de l’entreprise a également été mise en pâture sur Internet. Jusqu’alors, le but de telles attaques était généralement de dérober des capitaux ou des secrets industriels. Mais dans ce cas, l’objectif était clairement de mettre l’entreprise à genoux. L’affaire a d’ailleurs pris un tournant politique, les États-Unis ayant ouvertement accusé la Corée du Nord de l’attaque.</p>
<p>Les conflits cyber entre États sont largement répandus aujourd’hui. En 2007, des sites du gouvernement, de banques, médias et opérateurs téléphoniques estoniens ont été victimes d’attaques par déni de service. La Russie est fortement soupçonnée d’être à l’origine de ces offensives ayant paralysé le pays. En 2013, ce sont les systèmes d’information de banques et de chaînes de télévision sud coréennes qui ont été bloqués par des attaques émanant de Corée du Nord. Plus récemment, l’opération djihadiste #OpFrance, qui visait à défacer un maximum de sites français, a montré à tous que désormais les conflits se propagent également dans le monde virtuel.</p>
<p>Pour le département de la Défense des États-Unis mais aussi pour le Ministère de Défense en France, le cyberespace est d’ailleurs devenu un cinquième domaine d’intervention, après l’air, la terre, la mer et l’espace. L’espace cyber est donc clairement devenu un terrain de luttes permanentes…mais ces affrontements peuvent-ils être considérés comme des actes de guerre ?</p>
<h2>Qu’est-ce que la cyberguerre ?</h2>
<p>L’importance d’une définition précise du terme de « cyberguerre » n’est pas uniquement d’ordre linguistique. Derrière cette notion se cache un ensemble de questions juridiques et diplomatiques complexes. L’état de guerre impose en effet l’application de régimes légaux et de règles de rapports mutuels entre États bien spécifiques. Dans le cas de l’attaque contre Sony, Barack Obama a fait redescendre la tension en précisant qu’il ne s’agissait pas d’un acte cyberguerre mais plutôt de « cybervandalisme ». Et cette nuance n’est pas dénuée d’importance : en cas de guerre avérée, les clauses des contrats d’assurance auraient empêché toute indemnisation de l’entreprise !</p>
<p>La question de la contre-attaque se pose également : à partir de quand est-elle autorisée, et quelles formes peut-elle prendre ? Quels objectifs peuvent légitimement être visés par des cyberattaques ? Ce sont précisément les questions auxquelles a tenté de répondre en 2012 le Centre d’excellence de cyberdéfense coopérative de l’OTAN (CCDCOE) de Tallin, en <a href="http://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-un-think-tank-estonien-publie-un-manuel-juridique-sur-la-cyberguerre-50278.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">publiant un manuel juridique de cyberguerre</a>. La position défendue est que de manière générale, le Droit des conflits armés établi lors des conventions de La Haye et de Genève s’étend au monde cyber.</p>
<p>Une attaque informatique pourrait donc constituer un acte de guerre si ses conséquences sont comparables à celles d’un conflit armé traditionnel, c’est-à-dire si son but est de « <em>de blesser ou tuer des personnes, ou d’endommager ou détruire des objets</em> ». Cela signifie qu’une cyberattaque serait un acte de guerre à partir du moment où elle a des répercussions directes sur le monde physique.</p>
<p>Et c’est précisément le cas des attaques contre les systèmes d’information industriels, qui pilotent les systèmes de production de grands groupes manufacturiers, ou des infrastructures telles que des réseaux électriques ou des barrages. De telles agressions pourraient avoir un lourd coût humain et environnemental, et c’est pourquoi les États imposent souvent des mesures de sécurité strictes à leurs Opérateurs d’Importance Vitale (OIV) ou aux sites dangereux classés Seveso. En France, les travaux en cours sur la <a href="http://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/pjl12-822.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Loi de Programmation Militaire</a> visent à préciser ces exigences. Le manuel entend également fixer des limites éthiques à la cyberguerre. Il préconise par exemple l’interdiction d’attaquer des hôpitaux ou des centrales nucléaires.</p>
<h2>Attaques de SI industriels</h2>
<p>Les rédacteurs du manuel de Tallinn estiment qu’« aucun incident n’a été de façon claire et publique caractérisé par la communauté internationale comme ayant atteint le seuil d’une agression armée ». Pourtant, les attaques contre les <a title="Niveau de sécurité des SI Industriels : les vulnérabilités les plus courantes" href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2015/01/niveau-de-securite-des-si-industriels-les-vulnerabilites-les-plus-courantes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">systèmes d’information industriels</a> sont aujourd’hui une réalité. En 2013 par exemple, des pirates se sont introduits sur le réseau de production d’une aciérie allemande et ont détruit plusieurs équipements en arrêtant les hauts fourneaux de façon inopinée.</p>
<p>Mais c’est sans conteste l’infection de systèmes de contrôle de turbines et de centrifugeuses d’enrichissement en uranium iraniennes par le ver Stuxnet qui ressemble le plus à un acte de cyberguerre. Ce malware d’une complexité inédite aurait été mis au point par Israël et par les États-Unis, et a considérablement retardé le programme nucléaire iranien. Si le CCDCOE ne considère pas cette attaque comme un acte de guerre, les experts sont divisés sur la question et certains considèrent qu’il s’agit d’un recours à la force illégal selon le droit international.<br />
Par ailleurs, les principes de proportionnalité des contre-attaques et de protection des populations civiles préconisés par le droit international sont difficiles à respecter en cas de cyberguerre. Les attaques sont généralement difficiles à confiner : dans le cas de Stuxnet, le ver a été retrouvé en Chine, en Allemagne et en Indonésie.</p>
<p>Certains considèrent qu’une nouvelle législation est à mettre en place pour cadrer les affrontements cyber. Le sommet de l’OTAN au Pays de Galles en 2014 a d’ailleurs fait ressortir des positions différentes de celles défendues dans le guide de Tallinn. Il a été affirmé que «<em> les cyberattaques peuvent atteindre un seuil susceptible de menacer la prospérité, la sécurité et la stabilité des États et de la zone euro-atlantique [et] leur impact sur les sociétés modernes pourrait être tout aussi néfaste que celui d’une attaque conventionnelle</em> ». Comment en effet ne pas parler de guerre dans le cas d’une attaque d’une place financière, qui pourrait provoquer une crise économique aux conséquences catastrophiques ?</p>
<p><em>Ces désaccords montrent à quel point les limites restent floues. Les lois internationales sont généralement dictées par la conduite et par les réactions des États : les véritables règles de la cyberguerre mettront du temps à être établies et risquent d’évoluer avec le temps. Quoi qu’il en soit, nous observons dès à présent que les Systèmes d’Information d’importance vitale seront des cibles privilégiés de ces conflits nouveaux. La mise en œuvre de stratégies de cyberdéfense apparaît donc comme un impératif pour les entreprises et les États, qui ne doivent pas attendre la survenue d’une véritable cyberguerre pour se protéger.</em></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2015/04/sommes-nous-entres-dans-lere-des-cyberguerres/">Sommes-nous entrés dans l’ère des cyberguerres ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Lutte anti-DDoS : la technique ne suffit pas, organisons-nous !</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/11/lutte-anti-ddos-technique-suffit-pas-organisons/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Baptistin Buchet]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2014 09:34:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[attaque DDoS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cybercriminalité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=5949</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Depuis quelques années, les attaques par déni de service distribué (Distributed Denial of Service) se sont démocratisées ; leur facilité d’accès et d’usage, leur efficacité prouvée et leur grande variété les propulsent aujourd’hui en tête des tactiques de diversion et...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/11/lutte-anti-ddos-technique-suffit-pas-organisons/">Lutte anti-DDoS : la technique ne suffit pas, organisons-nous !</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Depuis quelques années, les attaques par déni de service distribué (Distributed Denial of Service) se sont démocratisées ; leur facilité d’accès et d’usage, leur efficacité prouvée et leur grande variété les propulsent aujourd’hui en tête des tactiques de diversion et des moyens d’atteinte à l’image. Une aubaine pour les cyber-attaquants qui font progresser à la fois la durée et la force des attaques.</em></p>
<p>Face à ce constat, les entreprises se sont rapidement interrogées sur les moyens de protection possibles.  Le marché s’est adapté. Aujourd’hui, deux stratégies se dessinent, entre solutions historiques manuelles et solutions novatrices hybrides (Cloud et/ou on-premise).</p>
<p>Une question se pose toutefois : la mise en œuvre d’une telle solution de protection, certes adaptée aux besoins, suffit-elle pour s’assurer d’une efficacité solide en cas d’attaque avérée ? La réponse est non !</p>
<p>Imaginez, vous avez subi pendant plusieurs jours les effets d’une attaque DDoS, avec des conséquences inacceptables pour le maintien de vos activités. Vous décidez de mettre en place une solution de protection ad hoc. Le projet démarre, vous choisissez une solution, elle est installée et fonctionne. Vous voilà enfin équipé d’une solution d’une efficacité prometteuse. Avec un simple ordre de bascule à donner à votre équipe de production ou à un fournisseur, la solution sera mise en route. Vous êtes confiant.</p>
<h2>Activation, surveillance, désactivation : les 3 piliers d’une stratégie de protection anti DDoS</h2>
<p>Pour autant, vous pourriez avoir oublié de répondre à un certain nombre de questions clés.</p>
<p>Sur quels critères de détection et à quels seuils serez-vous en mesure de passer l’ordre d’activation de la solution ? Serez-vous assez réactif pour qu’il ne soit pas trop tard vis-à-vis des impacts business ? L’échelle du temps DDoS est proche du ¼ d’heure&#8230; Une fois la solution activée, quelles seront les premières actions à entreprendre ? Avez-vous identifié ou contrôlerez-vous les effets de bord qu’elles pourront engendrer sur votre environnement de production ? Faudra-il communiquer aux clients, au réseau commercial ? Durant l’attaque, êtes-vous certain d’être apte à communiquer efficacement avec votre prestataire en charge de la solution ? Pourrez-vous aisément constater l’efficacité de ses services ? Connait-il votre contexte, votre infrastructure ? Est-il à jour des derniers changements pour éviter une protection partielle ? Par analogie avec l’ordre d’activation, saurez-vous quand et comment décider du retour à la normale ? Enfin, avez-vous suffisamment de visibilité pour déterminer si l’attaque continue ou non en amont des barrières défensives ?</p>
<p>Les retours d’expérience montrent que la mise en place d’une solution protectrice seule, sans réponse à l’ensemble de ces questions, ne suffit pas.</p>
<p>Aussi ne faut-il pas se cantonner à la simple souscription d’un service de protection : des moyens et des processus de détection, d’activation, de communication, d’arbitrage et retour à la normale devront être élaborés et régulièrement expérimentés. Les actions majeures devront être rigoureusement formalisées : le déclenchement de la solution de protection et le retour à la normale (qui décide, qui réalise, sur quelles informations, avec quelle réactivité…). Par ailleurs, le volet surveillance et gestion de crise pendant l’attaque ne doit pas être négligé (quels moyens pour vérifier que l’attaque a toujours lieu, avec quel effet, quels seuils/indicateurs pour déclencher les escalades).</p>
<h2>Tests et exercices : les garant de la bonne gestion d’une attaque DDoS</h2>
<p>Au-delà de la formalisation, trois types de tests s’avèrent indispensables.</p>
<p>Les plus simples sont les tests de « bascule à vide » : sans contrainte de temps particulière, il s’agit de mettre en action les différents modes opératoires liés à l’activation, au maintien ou à la désactivation de la solution de protection. Au-delà de permettre la formation des équipes concernées, ces tests permettent de juger la qualité des procédures techniques ; ils permettront également leur amélioration continue afin d’assurer au mieux leur efficacité en cas d’attaque.</p>
<p>Des tests de « bascule en conditions réelles » sont ensuite requis : à l’opposé de la « bascule à vide », une attaque simulée sera ici commanditée auprès d’un organisme tiers afin que les équipes techniques puissent s’exercer en conditions réelles. Les mêmes modes opératoires techniques seront mis à l’épreuve, dans un objectif cependant différent : le respect des échéances théoriques.</p>
<p>Des exercices de « gestion de crise » sont également à prévoir. Complémentaires des deux premières séries ci-dessus, il s’agit là de se focaliser sur l’expérimentation de la gestion de crise et non sur les aspects techniques. Ces tests permettront de juger la qualité de la gestion en répondant notamment aux bonnes questions en dehors de la sphère technique et en intégrant la communication, le juridique ou encore la relation clients. Chaque tâche trouve-t-elle rapidement son porteur ? L’ordonnancement prévu est-il respecté ? Les moyens nécessaires sont-ils accessibles (matériels, salles, interlocuteurs, etc.) ? Les rôles prédéfinis de chacun sont-ils connus de tous et à l’avance ? La remontée des informations au Responsable de crise est-elle correctement réalisée ?</p>
<p>Les solutions techniques ne peuvent suffire à gérer toutes les composantes d’une attaque DDos. Nécessaire et complémentaire, la mise en place d’une organisation interne apte à gérer l’attaque et la crise doit être considérée par les entreprises pour se protéger correctement et efficacement.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/11/lutte-anti-ddos-technique-suffit-pas-organisons/">Lutte anti-DDoS : la technique ne suffit pas, organisons-nous !</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Faille critique Shellshock : recommandations du CERT-Solucom</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/09/faille-critique-shellshock-recommandations-du-cert-solucom/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Arnaud Soullié]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2014 19:37:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CERT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=5801</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Article mis à jour le 26/09 Une vulnérabilité critique concernant l’interpréteur de commandes Bash a été publiée hier (CVE-2014-6271). Dans certaines conditions, cette vulnérabilité permet à un attaquant d’exécuter du code arbitraire. Le score CVSS indiquant la gravité de la...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/09/faille-critique-shellshock-recommandations-du-cert-solucom/">Faille critique Shellshock : recommandations du CERT-Solucom</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Article mis à jour le 26/09</em></p>
<p>Une vulnérabilité critique concernant l’interpréteur de commandes Bash a été publiée hier (CVE-2014-6271). Dans certaines conditions, cette vulnérabilité permet à un attaquant d’exécuter du code arbitraire. Le score CVSS indiquant la gravité de la vulnérabilité est évalué à 10, la note maximale.</p>
<p>Cette vulnérabilité affecte les versions 1.14 à 4.3 de Bash et des <a href="http://www.kernelmode.info/forum/viewtopic.php?f=16&amp;t=3505#p23987" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">attaques</a> sont en cours sur les services vulnérables.</p>
<p>Des correctifs de sécurité ont été publiés mais sont incomplets. Cette nouvelle vulnérabilité a été identifiée sous le numéro CVE-2014-7169.</p>
<h2>Quels systèmes sont impactés ?</h2>
<p>Les distributions Linux sont les principaux systèmes impactés par la vulnérabilité, car elles intègrent l’interpréteur de commande Bash par défaut. C’est également le cas de Mac OSX, et des utilisateurs de Cygwin sous Windows.</p>
<p>Cependant, de nombreux logiciels et services réalisent des appels système via Bash et sont par conséquent vulnérables.</p>
<p>Il est aujourd’hui confirmé que cette vulnérabilité peut s’exploiter à distance dans certains cas :</p>
<ul>
<li>Sur un serveur web pouvant faire appel à Bash (scripts cgi, appels systèmes Python ou PHP).</li>
<li>Sur un serveur SSH (uniquement après authentification).</li>
<li>Sur un service <a href="https://www.trustedsec.com/september-2014/shellshock-dhcp-rce-proof-concept/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DHCP</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Plus généralement tout autre service pouvant faire appel à Bash pourrait être affecté.</p>
<p>Cette faille peut notamment être <a href="https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/osx/local/vmware_bash_function_root.rb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">exploitée</a> afin de réaliser une élévation de privilège sous Mac OSX, qui intègre également Bash par défaut.</p>
<h2>Comment vérifier si je suis vulnérable ?</h2>
<p>Il est possible d’identifier la vulnérabilité via l’exécution de la commande suivante :</p>
<p><span style="background-color: #c0c0c0;">$ env var='() { ignore this:;}; echo vulnerable&#8217; bash -c /bin/true</span></p>
<p>Dans le cas d’un serveur vulnérable, la commande affichera « vulnerable ».</p>
<p><i>Attention : cette commande permet de vérifier la bonne application des correctifs disponibles. Cependant, il semblerait que ces correctifs ne mitigent pas l’ensemble des attaques possibles, en particulier l’exploitation locale.</i></p>
<h2 align="left">Quelles sont les actions à mener ?</h2>
<h4 align="left">1-  Recenser les produits vulnérables</h4>
<p align="left">La plupart des systèmes d’exploitation Linux, ainsi que Mac OS X sont affectées par cette vulnérabilité.</p>
<p align="left">Cependant, cette vulnérabilité pourrait également être présente sur d’autres équipements se basant sur des systèmes UNIX. On pense notamment aux <em>appliances</em> réseau et de sécurité, ainsi qu’aux systèmes embarqués.</p>
<p align="left">Il convient de se référer aux bulletins publiés par les éditeurs, lorsqu’ils sont disponibles,  pour plus d’informations.</p>
<h4 align="left">2- Appliquer les correctifs de sécurité</h4>
<p>Bien que son efficacité soit partiellement remise en cause, le correctif de sécurité publié pour Bash permettra de se prémunir des attaques distantes les plus communes.</p>
<h4 align="left">3- Détecter les attaques</h4>
<p>Afin de compléter les mécanismes de protection mis en place, il est possible de détecter ou de bloquer les attaques les plus simples via l’utilisation d’équipements de type IDS/IPS.</p>
<p>Certains éditeurs proposent actuellement des signatures spécifiques à cette attaque, qui reposent sur la détection des caractères spéciaux “() {” dans les en-têtes des requêtes http.</p>
<p>Il est également recommandé d’analyser les logs existants pour détecter une exploitation passée de ShellShock.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p align="left">Ce bulletin sera complété dans les prochains jours. Pour plus de précisions, vous pouvez contacter le<a href="mailto:cert@solucom.fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> CERT-SOLUCOM</a></p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/09/faille-critique-shellshock-recommandations-du-cert-solucom/">Faille critique Shellshock : recommandations du CERT-Solucom</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Faille critique Heartbleed : recommandations du CERT-Solucom</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/04/faille-critique-heartbleed-recommandations-du-cert-solucom/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Arnaud Soullié]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Apr 2014 15:22:31 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=5320</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>[Cet article sera mis à jour régulièrement] Une faille de sécurité critique Heartbleed a été identifiée dans les bibliothèques OpenSSL. Elle permet à un attaquant externe, non authentifié, de récupérer le contenu de la mémoire du serveur. Les tests que...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/04/faille-critique-heartbleed-recommandations-du-cert-solucom/">Faille critique Heartbleed : recommandations du CERT-Solucom</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[Cet article sera mis à jour régulièrement]</p>
<p>Une faille de sécurité critique <a href=" http://heartbleed.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Heartbleed</a> a été identifiée dans les bibliothèques OpenSSL. Elle permet à un attaquant externe, non authentifié, de récupérer le contenu de la mémoire du serveur.</p>
<p>Les tests que nous avons menés ont montré qu’il était possible de récupérer les données échangées avec le serveur (dont les <em>logins</em> / mots de passe des utilisateurs), ainsi que des fichiers de configuration.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Recommandations</span></p>
<p>1- Nous recommandons dans un premier  temps de réaliser un inventaire des équipements utilisant ces bibliothèques, et de procéder à un test de vulnérabilité : soit par l’analyse de la version installée , soit via l’utilisation d’un script ;</p>
<p>2- Ensuite, d’appliquer les correctifs de sécurité ;</p>
<p>3- Il est également recommandé de considérer comme compromises les informations ayant transité par ces équipements, et de forcer un renouvellement des mots de passe (utilisateurs, serveurs, etc) ;</p>
<p>4- La clé privée du serveur pouvant également être impactée, il est recommandé de considérer la révocation et le renouvellement des certificats concernés, à minima sur les systèmes sensibles.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Produits concernés</span></p>
<ul>
<li> OpenSSL 1.0.1 à 1.0.1f et OpenSSL 1.0.2-beta</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Les branches 0.9.8 et 1.0.0 ne sont pas vulnérables</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Attention, de nombreuses solutions packagées et appliances reposent sur ces bibliothèques et sont vulnérables : reverse proxy, passerelle VPN, etc.</b></p>
<p>Cet article sera complété dans les prochaines heures ; pour plus de précisions, vous pouvez contacter le <a title="HeartBleed" href="mailto:cert@solucom.fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CERT-Solucom</a>.</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2014/04/faille-critique-heartbleed-recommandations-du-cert-solucom/">Faille critique Heartbleed : recommandations du CERT-Solucom</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>DDoS, quelle stratégie de protection ?</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/07/ddos-quelle-strategie-de-protection/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ali Fawaz]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 19 Jul 2013 12:33:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[attaque DDoS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cybercriminalité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[protection des données]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=3945</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Au vu de la multiplication et de la démocratisation des attaques par déni de service, la question de la « protection anti-DDoS » entre au cœur des décisions SSI pour les grandes entreprises. Il est aujourd’hui nécessaire d’allier des mesures à la...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/07/ddos-quelle-strategie-de-protection/">DDoS, quelle stratégie de protection ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Au vu de la multiplication et de la démocratisation des <a title="DDoS, les attaques se diversifient !" href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2013/06/ddos-les-attaques-se-diversifient/">attaques par déni de service</a>, la question de la « protection anti-DDoS » entre au cœur des décisions SSI pour les grandes entreprises.</p>
<p>Il est aujourd’hui nécessaire d’allier des mesures à la fois techniques et organisationnelles permettant de répondre à deux enjeux cruciaux : la détection (avant l’attaque) et la réaction (après l’attaque).</p>
<h2>Un choix technologique et stratégique</h2>
<p>Les mesures techniques visent à mettre en place une protection physique par le biais d’équipements de sécurité, pouvant s’opérer à deux niveaux : en amont du SI (au niveau des réseaux de l’opérateur) et directement en frontal (sur le site à protéger).</p>
<p>Plusieurs stratégies sont alors possibles :</p>
<ul>
<li>Une protection exclusivement manuelle : il s’agit de la mise en place de filtrages spécifiques par l’opérateur et de la configuration d’équipements de sécurité du SI. Cette stratégie à faible coût, pouvant être qualifiée de « protection par défaut », est aujourd’hui la plus communément utilisée.</li>
<li>Un « boîtier anti-DDoS » en frontal : proche du SI, ce boîtier sert de « bouclier » et permet une protection immédiate, avec réinjection du trafic légitime. Il nécessite en revanche une expertise interne conséquente etpeut ainsi entraîner d’importants coûts récurrents, en plus des coûts liés à l’investissement . De plus, sans protection en amont du SI, le niveau de protection offert par le boîtier face aux attaques volumétriques est limité à la capacité du lien réseau qui le précède. Utilisé seul, un tel boîtier montre rapidement ses limites.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Une protection Cloud, en amont : située dans le Cloud ou le réseau opérateur, cette protection permet de bénéficier d’un service et d’une expertise externalisés. Grâce à ses mécanismes de redirection ponctuelle ou permanente, de nettoyage du trafic et de réinjection, elle permet la gestion d’attaques à forte volumétrie. Cette solution entraîne en revanche des coûts élevés et ne permet pas de se protéger contre l’ensemble des différents types d’attaques.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Une stratégie hybride : il s’agit ici d’allier deux des trois premières stratégies, à savoir une protection distante dite « Cloud » et un boîtier physique, en frontal du SI. Malgré un coût logiquement le plus élevé, les avantages viennent s’additionner et permettent de faire face à l’évolution de la menace. Les attaques à la fois volumétriques et par saturation de table d’état, aux niveaux réseau ou applicatif peuvent ici être maîtrisées et la continuité du service est assurée.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_4012" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4012" style="width: 419px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2013/07/ddos-quelle-strategie-de-protection/protection-hybride-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-4012"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-4012" title="protection hybride" src="http://www.solucominsight.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/protection-hybride1.jpg" alt="" width="419" height="177" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/protection-hybride1.jpg 1224w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/protection-hybride1-437x185.jpg 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/protection-hybride1-71x30.jpg 71w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4012" class="wp-caption-text">Schématisation d’une solution de protection hybride</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>Ce choix de stratégie reste complexe et diffèrera évidemment d’une entreprise à l’autre en fonction des besoins en matière de sécurité. Il dépendra en effet de son niveau d’exposition à la menace et de la gravité des impacts en cas d’attaque.</p>
<h2>Des réponses également organisationnelles</h2>
<p>Au-delà de la protection physique, il est important d’acquérir un certain nombre de bonnes pratiques permettant une gestion de crise optimale en cas d’attaque.</p>
<p>Ces mesures organisationnelles peuvent être classées en<strong> trois étapes chronologiques</strong> :</p>
<p align="center"> <a href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2013/07/ddos-quelle-strategie-de-protection/etapes-ddos/" rel="attachment wp-att-3946"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3946" title="Classement chronologique des mesures" src="http://www.solucominsight.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/etapes-Ddos.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="198" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/etapes-Ddos.jpg 650w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/etapes-Ddos-437x133.jpg 437w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/etapes-Ddos-71x22.jpg 71w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px" /></a></p>
<p>Bien qu’elles soient aujourd’hui démocratisées, inévitables pour la plupart et parfois ravageuses, les attaques par déni de service distribué engendrent des impacts pouvant être relativement maîtrisés, pourvu que la question de la protection ait été traitée à temps par l’entreprise.</p>
<p>Malheureusement, force est de constater que peu d’entreprises ont aujourd’hui procédé à l’acquisition d’une protection adaptée à la menace cybercriminelle actuelle.</p>
<p>L’actualité forte dans ce domaine les sensibilise néanmoins et sera sans doute un catalyseur de la mise en place de ces mesures</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/07/ddos-quelle-strategie-de-protection/">DDoS, quelle stratégie de protection ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>DDoS, les attaques se diversifient !</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/06/ddos-les-attaques-se-diversifient/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[zephSolucomBO]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Jun 2013 16:42:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyberattaque]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ddos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=3838</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Les attaques par déni de service distribué, plus communément appelées « DDoS » (Distributed Denial of Service), font aujourd’hui de plus en plus parler d’elles. Au-delà de leur multiplication – due à une efficacité démontrée, c’est leur diversité qui se voit plus...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/06/ddos-les-attaques-se-diversifient/">DDoS, les attaques se diversifient !</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Les attaques par déni de service distribué, plus communément appelées « DDoS » (Distributed Denial of Service), font aujourd’hui de plus en plus parler d’elles. Au-delà de leur multiplication – due à une efficacité démontrée, c’est leur diversité qui se voit plus étonnament grandissante.</em></p>
<h2>De nouvelles formes d’attaques</h2>
<p>Au fil des années, les débits internet ont augmenté, les performances des équipements et la répartition des charges également ; l’attaque DDoS historique visant à submerger une victime par de multiples requêtes ne suffit plus.</p>
<p>De ce fait, les attaques se diversifient, deviennent « plus intelligentes » et plus complexes à éviter. On distingue alors deux grandes familles :</p>
<ul>
<li>Les attaques volumétriques : elles visent à submerger des équipements ou liaisons stratégiques afin de les rendre indisponibles. La nouveauté est qu’elles s’opèrent tant sur la couche réseau (<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_flood" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">TCP SYN flood</a>…) qu’applicative (par exemple <a href="https://www.owasp.org/images/4/43/Layer_7_DDOS.pdf">HTTP GET floods</a>&#8230;) pour épuiser les ressources des serveurs exposés sur internet.</li>
</ul>
<p><figure id="attachment_3839" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3839" style="width: 598px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2013/06/ddos-les-attaques-se-diversifient/ddos-volumetrique/" rel="attachment wp-att-3839"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-3839" title="Illustration d’un DDoS volumétrique : l’attaque réflexive" src="http://www.solucominsight.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/DDos-volumétrique.png" alt="" width="598" height="292" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/DDos-volumétrique.png 1568w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/DDos-volumétrique-390x191.png 390w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/DDos-volumétrique-71x35.png 71w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3839" class="wp-caption-text">Illustration d’un DDoS volumétrique : l’attaque réflexive</figcaption></figure></p>
<ul>
<li>Les attaques « par saturation de tables d’état » : plus astucieuses, ces attaques ne requièrent pas nécessairement un grand nombre de ressources attaquantes. Leur principe est d’utiliser les limites des protocoles de communication pour commettre des méfaits. Elles visent également les couches réseau (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack#Slow_Read_attack">Slow attacks</a>&#8230;) et applicative (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris">Slowloris</a>…). Elles s’avèrent très efficaces et malheureusement difficiles à contrer au vu de leur comportement <em>a priori</em> bénin.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Pour ces deux familles, les attaques visant la couche applicative resteront de loin les plus difficiles à détecter. En effet, considérées comme des flux réseaux légitimes, elles ne pourront pas être arrêtées par les équipements de protection classiques comme les pare-feux. Une sécurité proche de la couche applicative sera donc nécessaire, en utilisant par exemple des équipements de type Web Application Firewall (WAF) ou des solutions spécifiques anti-DDOS…</p>
<h2>Des conséquences bien réelles pour les entreprises</h2>
<p>En cas d’attaques DDoS, l’entreprise ciblée doit faire face à des conséquences importantes.</p>
<p>À la fois visibles et immédiates, les conséquences directes d’une attaque DDoS recouvrent par exemple l’indisponibilité de services cruciaux (site de vente en ligne, plateforme partenaire…) entrainant une perte financière évidente, le dysfonctionnement des processus métiers mais aussi l’atteinte à l’image due à la médiatisation de l’évènement.</p>
<p>Moins immédiates, les conséquences indirectes n’en sont pas moins importantes : une attaque DDoS peut également être un moyen de diversion permettant d’établir une attaque ciblée plus évoluée. En effet, en jouant un rôle de « bélier » visant la mise à mal des moyens de protection du SI, une intrusion deviendra plus facile… Les attaques commises contre les sociétés RSA ou Sony en sont des exemples criants.</p>
<h2>Comment se protéger contre ces attaques de plus en plus courantes ?</h2>
<p>Au vu de leurs impacts immédiats et visibles de tous, les DDoS deviennent un des outils attitrés des cybercriminels. Parallèlement, en pleine montée de l’hacktivisme, des outils automatisés et simples d’usage ont fait leur apparition sur Internet (notamment « LOIC », utilisé par les Anonymous). Ces nouveaux services « clé en main », peu coûteux, ont permis une démocratisation des attaques par déni de service ; elles deviennent aujourd’hui accessibles à tout un chacun.</p>
<p>Après les nombreux évènements de l’année 2012 et la récente attaque record contre Spamhaus, les DDoS représentent aujourd’hui une menace évidente. La question de la « protection anti-DDoS » entre donc au cœur des décisions SSI pour l’ensemble des grandes entreprises à risque. Mais comment se protéger ? &#8230;</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/06/ddos-les-attaques-se-diversifient/">DDoS, les attaques se diversifient !</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Une nouvelle année pour une nouvelle stratégie sécurité : priorité à la détection et la réaction</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/01/une-nouvelle-annee-pour-une-nouvelle-strategie-securite-priorite-a-la-detection-et-la-reaction/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gérôme Billois]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2013 19:52:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyberattaque]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cybercriminalité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[failles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[menace]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stratégie]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=2980</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>2012 a été marquée par de très nombreux cas d’attaques sur les systèmes d’information. Les exemples abondent : Saudi Amramco, Gauss ou encore Red October, pour ne citer que les plus relayés. Ces attaques ont mis en lumière les limites de...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/01/une-nouvelle-annee-pour-une-nouvelle-strategie-securite-priorite-a-la-detection-et-la-reaction/">Une nouvelle année pour une nouvelle stratégie sécurité : priorité à la détection et la réaction</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>2012 a été marquée par de très nombreux cas d’attaques sur les systèmes d’information. Les exemples abondent : Saudi Amramco, Gauss ou encore Red October, pour ne citer que les plus relayés. Ces attaques ont mis en lumière les limites de la stratégie sécurité en vigueur dans la plupart des entreprises : un focus quasiment unique sur la protection.</p>
<h2>Un modèle de sécurité qui atteint ses limites</h2>
<p>La protection des informations avec les moyens conventionnels (pare-feu, antivirus, correctif, contrôle d’accès…) comporte de nombreuses limites  ;  les attaquants les connaissent et surtout, savent les contourner efficacement. Les attaques par ingénierie sociale permettent d’accéder aux informations d’utilisateurs légitimes et ce malgré de nombreuses sessions de sensibilisation en entreprise, les failles « zero-day » permettent d’attaquer des systèmes même maintenus à jour, l’encapsulation ou encore le chiffrement de trafic qui permettent de traverser les pare-feux sans être inquiétés.</p>
<p>Doit-on pour autant baisser les bras et reculer face aux menaces? Non, certainement pas ! Il s’agit de réorienter ses efforts différemment, accepter les risques,  et se doter des moyens permettant de limiter l’impact des attaques. La détection des attaques et l’identification de réactions appropriées sont donc à prioriser pour 2013.</p>
<h2> <strong>Détecter et réagir : les priorités de 2013</strong></h2>
<p>Ce changement d’orientation nécessite de nombreuses évolutions, tant en termes technique qu’organisationnel. Il faut réfléchir à la mise en place de nouveaux moyens, internes ou externes, afin de mieux observer le SI et d’en tirer des alertes pertinentes. Nous pensons bien évidemment aux solutions de surveillance de journaux classiques mais pas uniquement ! De nouvelles solutions, spécialisées dans les analyses statistiques permettent d’obtenir des vues pour détecter les fameux signaux fiables relatifs aux attaques. D’autres produits permettent de détecter dans les flux de données des comportements étranges, en simulant l’ouverture des pièces jointes ou des fichiers. Même si cela peut paraître démesuré, certaines organisations ont mis en place ces solutions sur 2012 et en tirent aujourd’hui des bénéfices concrets.</p>
<p>Et comme l’outil ne résout rien seul, certains processus seront aussi à revoir, en particulier sur la surveillance du SI et la gestion de crise. La création, ou le renfort, d’une cellule dédiée en charge de ces problématiques, le fameux CERT ou SOC, pourra être une solution. Cette cellule sera à même de piloter les crises, de prendre les bonnes décisions pour limiter les impacts et d’empêcher les propagations.</p>
<p>Différents scénarios de crise sont à envisager en fonction du métier et de l’exposition : attaque en déni de service, vol d’information, défacement de site, vols de données sensibles, mais aussi et peut être surtout compromission du SI… Ils devront être testés par les équipes opérationnelles mais également les métiers et la direction générale, acteurs essentiels en cas d’attaques cybercriminels.</p>
<p>Bien évidemment, il n’est pas question d’abandonner toutes les mesures de protection. Bien souvent, elles retarderont la réussite de l’attaque, voire même sur certains périmètres très protégés et face à des attaquants de niveau intermédiaire, elles les bloqueront. Mais aujourd’hui, se baser uniquement sur une protection est illusoire, il est indispensable de revoir sa stratégie sécurité et en 2013 d’orienter sa réflexion vers la détection et la réaction !</p>
<div></div>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2013/01/une-nouvelle-annee-pour-une-nouvelle-strategie-securite-priorite-a-la-detection-et-la-reaction/">Une nouvelle année pour une nouvelle stratégie sécurité : priorité à la détection et la réaction</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Clickjacking, mais qui a volé ma souris ?</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2012/12/clickjacking-mais-qui-a-vole-ma-souris/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Arnaud Soullié]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Dec 2012 10:46:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cybercriminalité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[internet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[réseaux sociaux]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=2761</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Le clickjacking, ou « détournement de clic », est un terme apparu en 2008 pour désigner un type d’attaque ciblant les applications web. Ces attaques visent à tromper l’utilisateur sur l’élément sur lequel il clique, permettant in fine de lui faire réaliser...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2012/12/clickjacking-mais-qui-a-vole-ma-souris/">Clickjacking, mais qui a volé ma souris ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Le <em>clickjacking, </em>ou<em> « détournement de clic »,</em> est un terme apparu en 2008 pour désigner un type d’attaque ciblant les applications web. Ces attaques visent à tromper l’utilisateur sur l’élément sur lequel il clique, permettant <em>in fine</em> de lui faire réaliser des actions à son insu.</p>
<h2>Comment se fait-on <em>clickjacker</em> ?</h2>
<p>Pour mener une attaque par <em>clickjacking</em>, un attaquant va procéder de la manière suivante :</p>
<p>1- Il identifie sa cible, une page non-protégée contre ce type d’attaque, qui permet de réaliser une action en cliquant sur un lien ou un bouton.</p>
<p>2- Il intègre cette page dans une page malveillante qu’il maîtrise</p>
<p>3- Il s’arrange pour que, lorsque la victime clique sur un élément de la page, elle clique en réalité sur un bouton ou un lien provenant du site vulnérable</p>
<p><a href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2012/12/clickjacking-mais-qui-a-vole-ma-souris/clickjacking-image/" rel="attachment wp-att-2767"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft  wp-image-2767" title="clickjacking image" src="http://www.solucominsight.fr/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/clickjacking-image.jpg" alt="" width="429" height="291" srcset="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/clickjacking-image.jpg 453w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/clickjacking-image-282x191.jpg 282w, https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/clickjacking-image-58x39.jpg 58w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px" /></a></p>
<p>Par exemple, il peut utiliser les propriétés de style offerte par HTML/CSS pour rendre transparente la page vulnérable. Dans l’exemple ci-dessus, l’utilisateur verra le bouton « Jouer ! » mais cliquera en réalité sur le « Bouton 1 », provenant d’un site différent !</p>
<p>Les exemples les plus fréquents d’attaque par <em>clickjacking</em> sont les “<em>likejacking</em>” et “<em>tweetbomb</em>”. La première, ciblant le réseau social, a pour objectif de faire « <em>liker</em> » une page, c’est-à-dire d’augmenter sa popularité. La seconde vise à diffuser sur Twitter un message, la plupart du temps publicitaire.</p>
<h2>Les risques se limitent-ils aux réseaux sociaux ?</h2>
<p>Mais non ! Il est important de noter que les enjeux liés à ce type d’attaques ne s’arrêtent pas à la pollution de réseaux sociaux. De même que les attaques par <a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_%28CSRF%29">rejeu de requête (XSRF),</a>  les attaques par <em>clickjacking</em> permettent d’exécuter des actions à l’insu de la victime.</p>
<p>Il est donc tout à fait imaginable d’employer ce type d’attaque afin, par exemple, d’ajouter des articles dans le panier des clients d’un site de e-commerce. Pour cela, il suffirait à l’attaquant de reprendre le scénario précédent, mais de remplacer les boutons « <em>like</em> » de Facebook par le bouton « Ajouter au panier » du site e-commerce. L’attaquant pourrait augmenter grandement les ventes de son produit !</p>
<h2> Comment se protéger efficacement ?</h2>
<p>La protection contre ce type d’attaques est à considérer du double point de vue de l’utilisateur et du responsable du site internet qui sert &#8211; involontairement &#8211; de support à l’attaque. La protection idéale nécessite donc sensibilisation et moyens techniques.</p>
<p>Pour les utilisateurs finaux en effet, se protéger implique d’avoir conscience du risque et de faire preuve de vigilance en surveillant ses fréquentations sur le web ! Il convient de rester méfiant à l’égard des liens commerciaux et des jeux ou concours qui promettent monts et merveilles.</p>
<p>Pour les équipes en charge de la sécurité des applications web, deux éléments sont à considérer pour mitiger le risque lié au <em>clickjacking </em>: l’utilisation d’en-têtes http spécifiques, et l’emploi de protections en JavaScript.</p>
<h4> Utiliser les en-têtes http appropriés pour se protéger</h4>
<p>Il est d’une part possible d’utiliser l’en-tête http<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-websec-x-frame-options-01" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> « X-FRAME-OPTIONS »</a>, qui va indiquer au navigateur à quelles conditions le contenu du site peut être intégré dans une iframe. Il est possible de lui spécifier trois valeurs :</p>
<ul>
<li>« DENY », qui va interdire l’inclusion de la page ;</li>
<li>« SAMEORIGIN », qui va autoriser uniquement les sites du même domaine à inclure la page ;</li>
<li>« ALLOW-FROM », qui permet de spécifier le ou les domaines autorisés à inclure la page.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Utiliser JavaScript pour s’assurer que ses pages ne sont pas dissimulées</h4>
<p>En complément, il est possible d’utiliser du code JavaScript pour se protéger. Pour cela, ces codes vont par exemple s’assurer que la page est bien au niveau supérieur et qu’elle sera visible. Il faut néanmoins reconnaître qu’aucun de ces codes n’est totalement fiable.</p>
<p>Pour des informations détaillées sur les implémentations de ces protections, <a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Clickjacking_Defense_Cheat_Sheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">le site de l’OWASP propose une page dédiée </a>à ce sujet.</p>
<h4>La réauthentification, meilleure arme de protection pour les actions sensibles</h4>
<p>La solution la plus efficace reste de ré-authentifier l’utilisateur pour les actions sensibles, par exemple en lui redemandant son mot de passe ou en utilisant un second facteur d’authentification, comme cela est l’usage sur les sites de banque en ligne.</p>
<h2>Ces protections sont-elles couramment déployées ?</h2>
<p>En un mot : non. Malheureusement, ce type d’attaque n’est toujours pas, 4 ans après leur découverte, pris au sérieux par la plupart des développeurs / testeurs / équipes de sécurité, sans doute car elles n’ont pour l’instant pas été exploitées à grande échelle en dehors des réseaux sociaux.</p>
<p>Selon un article publié récemment sur <a href="https://community.qualys.com/blogs/securitylabs/2012/11/29/clickjacking-an-overlooked-web-security-hole" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">le blog de Qualys</a>, les protections standards décrites ci-dessus ne sont ainsi pas encore déployées systématiquement : près de 70% des 20 sites bancaires les plus fréquentés n’implémentent pas de protection efficace contre ce type d’attaque.</p>
<p>Il est fort à parier que l’emploi de ce type d’attaque va augmenter et se diversifier à l’avenir.  En effet, les mesures de protection contre les attaques par <a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_%28CSRF%29">rejeu de requête (XSRF)</a> se généralisant, notamment par leur intégration dans les frameworks de développement, les attaquants se tourneront mécaniquement vers d’autres vulnérabilités, dont le <em>clickjacking</em>. Anticiper dès à présent  reste le moyen le plus sûr d’éviter d’en être la victime.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2012/12/clickjacking-mais-qui-a-vole-ma-souris/">Clickjacking, mais qui a volé ma souris ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<title>Nouvelles menaces externes et attaques ciblées : quelle stratégie pour le RSSI ?</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2011/10/nouvelles-menaces-externes-et-attaques-ciblees-quelle-strategie-pour-le-rssi/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gérôme Billois]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2011 16:12:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[APT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[attaque]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[informations]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=762</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Ministère des Finances, Google, Sony, RSA, secteur pétrolier/énergie, entités gouvernementales…autant d’acteurs qui ont en commun d’avoir été victimes d’attaques informatiques. Ces dernières ont défrayé la chronique, faisant les grands titres des médias généralistes et économiques. Elles ont souvent généré des...</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2011/10/nouvelles-menaces-externes-et-attaques-ciblees-quelle-strategie-pour-le-rssi/">Nouvelles menaces externes et attaques ciblées : quelle stratégie pour le RSSI ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ministère des Finances, Google, Sony, RSA, secteur pétrolier/énergie, entités gouvernementales…autant d’acteurs qui ont en commun d’avoir été victimes d’attaques informatiques. Ces dernières ont défrayé la chronique, faisant les grands titres des médias généralistes et économiques. Elles ont souvent généré des pertes sonnantes et trébuchantes : 170 millions de dollars pour Sony, 66 millions de dollars pour RSA ; sans compter l’impact d’image. Au-delà de cette explosion du nombre de cas, se cache une réalité complexe avec des points saillants aujourd’hui bien identifiés.</p>
<p>Tout d’abord, les attaques ne visent plus uniquement les entités gouvernementales ou leurs sous-traitants et leurs fameux « secret défense ». Les entreprises sont aujourd’hui la cible, soit pour les données de leurs clients, soit pour leurs propres données (stratégie, R&amp;D, accords commerciaux&#8230;). Le phénomène est mondial et la France est concernée, même si cela est moins visible. Tous les secteurs d’activités sont touchés sans distinction.</p>
<p>Mais au-delà de ce <em>buzz </em>médiatique, que retenir de l’évolution de la sécurité de l’information sur ces 12 derniers mois ? Et que doit répondre le RSSI à sa direction générale qui l’interroge de plus en plus fréquemment sur ces affaires ?</p>
<p><strong>Diffuses, opportunistes ou ciblées : savoir reconnaître les attaques</strong></p>
<p>L’analyse des évènements récents fait ressortir trois différents types d’attaques. La première catégorie, « historique », correspond aux habituelles <strong>infections virales ou encore au spam. </strong>Il s’agit d’<strong>attaques diffuses</strong>. Ne visant pas une organisation en particulier, ces attaques vont avoir un effet néfaste sur le SI : déni de service, perte de données utilisateurs…</p>
<p>Ces attaques sont souvent simples à éviter et simples à juguler. Elles ont marqué les entreprises dès les années 2000 pour connaître leur dernière itération majeure avec <em>Conficker </em>en 2008. Celles-ci ne seront pas abordées dans la suite de l’article.</p>
<p>La deuxième catégorie, <strong>l’attaque opportuniste, est à but lucratif ou idéologique. </strong>Elle vise soit à capturer de l’information facilement monnayable (données des clients, données de cartes bancaires, etc.), soit à avoir un effet médiatique important (déni de service distribué ou <em>defacement </em>de sites web publics, vols de données lambda ensuite publiées sur internet, etc.). Elle ne relève souvent pas d’un haut niveau de technicité et ses auteurs ne cherchent pas à nuire à tout prix à une organisation donnée. Aussi, si l’une est plus sécurisée qu’une autre, ils passeront leur chemin pour se jeter sur la proie la plus facile. Ce scénario est également majoritairement vrai pour les attaques « idéologiques ». Il s’agit pour des groupes comme Lulzsec ou Anonymous de capturer, là où c’est facile, des données perçues comme sensibles et de les rendre publiques. La quasi-totalité de leurs attaques ont été rendues possibles par des manques criants de sécurité et des failles extrêmement simples dans les systèmes des organisations visées.</p>
<p>La troisième catégorie correspond à <strong>l’attaque ciblée. </strong>Celle-ci vise des informations sensibles et précises dans l’organisation. Ses auteurs sont mandatés pour viser une entité en particulier avec un objectif clair. Ils disposent de temps pour comprendre et analyser l’organisation, préparent des scénarios d’attaques et utilisent tous les moyens à leur disposition, techniques comme humains, internes comme externes, simples comme complexes, afin d’atteindre leur but. Le niveau de technicité et les moyens disponibles s’élèvent drastiquement, tout comme les enjeux. La communauté sécurité évoque ainsi le terme APT ou <em>Advanced Persistent Threat </em>pour décrire ces menaces avancées et persistantes. Google ou RSA en ont été victimes. De nombreux autres cas ont été recensés, y compris en France. Les attaques les plus courantes reposent sur des emails piégés émis à destination de personnes clés (<em>spear-phishing</em>), ou encore des attaques sur des plate-formes externes (site web) permettant ensuite des rebonds multiples sur le réseau interne pour atteindre les données de l’organisation visée.</p>
<p>Après cette entrée en matière, deux autres tribunes vont venir compléter l&#8217;analyse.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2011/10/comment-reagir-evaluer-son-exposition-et-adopter-une-strategie-de-protection-des-donnees-en-fonction-de-leur-sensibilite/">Tribune n°2</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.solucominsight.fr/2011/09/du-%c2%ab-secret-defense-%c2%bb-au-%c2%ab-secret-entreprise-%c2%bb-des-mesures-avancees-a-deployer-pour-lutter-contre-les-attaques-ciblees/">Tribune n°3</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2011/10/nouvelles-menaces-externes-et-attaques-ciblees-quelle-strategie-pour-le-rssi/">Nouvelles menaces externes et attaques ciblées : quelle stratégie pour le RSSI ?</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Du « secret défense » au « secret entreprise » : des mesures avancées à déployer pour lutter contre les attaques ciblées</title>
		<link>https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2011/09/du-secret-defense-au-secret-entreprise-des-mesures-avancees-a-deployer-pour-lutter-contre-les-attaques-ciblees/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gérôme Billois]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2011 13:18:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cybersecurity & Digital Trust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethical Hacking & Incident Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[APT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incident response CERT-W]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solucominsight.fr/?p=754</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Les attaques ciblées sont difficiles à détecter, à juguler et à empêcher. Le périmètre de sécurité réseaux et les applications web ne sont plus forcément les premières portes d’entrée. L’attaque va souvent jouer sur plusieurs tableaux pour atteindre son objectif....</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2011/09/du-secret-defense-au-secret-entreprise-des-mesures-avancees-a-deployer-pour-lutter-contre-les-attaques-ciblees/">Du « secret défense » au « secret entreprise » : des mesures avancées à déployer pour lutter contre les attaques ciblées</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Les attaques ciblées sont difficiles à détecter, à juguler et à empêcher. Le périmètre de sécurité réseaux et les applications web ne sont plus forcément les premières portes d’entrée. L’attaque va souvent jouer sur plusieurs tableaux pour atteindre son objectif. Ingénierie sociale, faille applicative, attaque sur les réseaux  internes… tout est envisageable et envisagé.</p>
<p>Il s’agit ici de situations similaires à celles observées dans le secteur de la défense depuis de nombreuses années. Mais aujourd’hui, les grandes organisations y sont confrontées au quotidien. Pour protéger les données extrêmement sensibles, il leur faut donc mettre en œuvre des moyens avancés, drastiques, similaires à ceux employés dans le secteur de la défense.</p>
<p>Elles devront alors <strong>créer un SI dédié, spécialisé, pour gérer le « secret entreprise » analogue au « secret défense ». </strong>Et, si aucune mesure de sécurité n’est infaillible, ces éléments permettront d’augmenter la difficulté des attaques et donneront plus de temps pour les détecter et y répondre, le cas échéant. Quatre grands chantiers doivent être envisagés :</p>
<p><strong> Créer des sanctuaires pour les données sensibles. </strong>Basés sur une infrastructure dédiée, ils associent un nombre important et varié de mesures de sécurité : filtrage, chiffrement, isolation interserveurs, authentification forte dédiée, contrôle de conformité… Mais ils disposent également de processus spécifiques de mise en production afin de s’assurer que tout nouveau système est sécurisé. Ces systèmes et leur réseau devront être différents de ceux utilisés dans l’entreprise de manière classique. Ces sanctuaires seront maintenus par des équipes dédiées internes, sans utiliser d’accès distant.</p>
<p><strong> Spécialiser les terminaux clients. </strong>Vecteur d’intrusion classique lors d’attaques ciblées, le poste de travail devra être spécialisé en fonction des usages. Si l’utilisation de postes distincts en fonction des usages est fréquemment rencontrée, elle reste complexe à généraliser. Le recours à de nouveaux OS virtualisés et isolant les machines virtuelles suivant leur sensibilité est une piste à explorer. L’utilisation de solutions de déport d’écran peut être une option temporaire intéressante avant la généralisation d’un poste de travail virtualisé. Les échanges avec la zone sanctuarisée seront bien entendu chiffrés et les postes ne permettront pas de stockage local d’informations très sensibles.</p>
<p><strong> Sensibiliser et contraindre. </strong>Les utilisateurs manipulant les données les plus critiques sont souvent les plus difficiles à convaincre de l’importance de la sécurité. L’utilisation d’exemples concrets et surtout la mise en place d’un mécanisme coercitif en cas d’écarts permettront de diminuer les solutions de contournement. Sur ces périmètres spécifiques, il ne faudra pas tolérer d’écart aux politiques de sécurité, comme cela peut aujourd’hui être le cas, et composer avec les impacts métiers consécutifs.</p>
<p><strong> Surveiller, réagir et prévoir la reconstruction : </strong>L’attaque étant très probable, elle doit pouvoir être détectée et son impact minimisé. Une équipe interne dédiée à la gestion des zones sanctuarisées et à la gestion des incidents et des crises devra être formée. La traçabilité devra être mise en place et suivie avec des moyens importants (H24, temps réel, etc.). De nouvelles générations d’outils devront être testées et déployées en particulier pour détecter les signaux faibles relatifs à la fuite d’information. Ces systèmes seront également d’une aide précieuse pour enquêter sur les fuites de données lors de l’intrusion. D’autre part, des actions de reconstruction devront être imaginées pour pouvoir repartir sur une base saine en cas de succès d’une attaque. L’utilisation du PCA/PCI peut également être envisagée. Tous ces moyens sont contraignants et ont un coût élevé. Ils doivent être limités à un nombre restreint de traitements et de données. C’est le prix à payer pour conserver un niveau de sécurité important. L’armée américaine estime que la sécurisation des projets très sensibles entraîne un surcoût de 20%, du fait des mesures additionnelles, mais aussi de la complexité et des contraintes posées sur le travail au quotidien (cloisonnement de l’information, séparation des équipes, etc.).</p>
<p>Certaines entreprises sont prêtes aujourd’hui à franchir ce pas à la vue des risques encourus. Il s’agit en particulier du secteur de la défense, des sociétés fournissant des systèmes de sécurité, des sociétés où l’innovation est réalisée sur des cycles longs de recherche et de développement. Pour d’autres, la sécurisation ne sera pas acceptable, soit pour des raisons de pratiques internes, soit pour des raisons budgétaires (les coûts dépassant la rentabilité du SI ou bridant la compétitivité). Il faudra alors peut-être décider de réduire le périmètre de protection, et accepter consciemment de potentielles fuites de données qu’il faudra justifier et valider avec le management.</p>
<p><strong>Le rôle du RSSI, entre évaluation des risques et pouvoir de conviction</strong></p>
<p>Il est évident que ces menaces sont amenées à perdurer dans le temps. C’est au RSSI de réaliser  l’évaluation des risques de sa structure face à ces menaces et de convaincre sa direction de l’importance des actions à mener.</p>
<p>Se protéger à tout prix contre les attaques ciblées n’est pas envisageable et n’a pas de sens. Par contre, construire un socle solide résistant aux attaques opportunistes sur lequel viennent se greffer des sanctuaires sécurisés est une orientation à évaluer chez chacun.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Cet article <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2011/09/du-secret-defense-au-secret-entreprise-des-mesures-avancees-a-deployer-pour-lutter-contre-les-attaques-ciblees/">Du « secret défense » au « secret entreprise » : des mesures avancées à déployer pour lutter contre les attaques ciblées</a> est apparu en premier sur <a href="https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/">RiskInsight</a>.</p>
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